Best laptop battery

1. General

    1.1 In order to guide environmental management and disposal of batteries, recycling, technological development, regulating the dumping of waste and resource recycling cell behavior, prevention of environmental pollution and social development and economic development, sony vgp-bps11 battery,sony vgp-bps13 batteryaccording to “The People’s Republic of China Solid Waste Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control Law and other laws, regulations, policies and standards developed technology policy. The technology policy of socio-economic level of technological development in a timely modification.
1.2 Technology policy referred to waste batteries include the following wastes:
Have lost all value had been abandoned once the battery (including button batteries), rechargeable batteries, etc.;
Have lost their value was discarded and lead, acid batteries and other batteries,;
Have lost value had been abandoned for a variety of electrical and battery dedicated to the single battery;
Above the battery in production, transportation, sales generated in the process of non-qualified, discarded products, expired products;
Above the battery in the production process mixed waste mixed waste;
Other abandoned chemical power.
1.3 Technology Policy applies to the classification of waste batteries, collection, transport, use, storage and disposal of the whole process of treatment options for pollution control technology, dell latitude d430 battery and guide the appropriate facilities in the planning, establishment, siting, design, construction, operation and management, and guide the development of related industries.
1.4 Waste products Battery Batteries fight against pollution should follow the basic principles of analysis of the life cycle, actively promoting clean production, the entire process the amount of material management and control principles pollution.
1.5 The waste batteries will focus on controlling the pollution of waste containing mercury batteries, spent nickel-cadmium batteries, waste lead-acid batteries. Gradually reduce and eventually end up in a non-use of mercury in battery production, safe, efficient, cost effective collection, recycling or safe disposal of spent nickel-cadmium batteries, lead scrap, batteries acid and other waste batteries are harmful to the environment.
1.6 oxide batteries mercury waste, spent nickel-cadmium batteries, waste lead-acid batteries are hazardous waste and must comply with the regulation of hazardous waste and standards to manage.
1.7 Average encourage waste batteries pollution, pollution laws and environmental impact of small, new battery developed by scientific research to determine appropriate measures to control pollution.
1.8 through the promotion and popularization of knowledge on pollution prevention and control of waste batteries from environmental awareness public, promote public awareness of waste management of batteries and its potential environmental hazards have a correct understanding of waste batteries to carry out scientific management, laptop battery rechargeable  rational and effective.
1.9 Governments at all levels should create incentives and other economic policy measures to accelerate the requirements of environmental protection of the collection of waste batteries, storage, recycling and treatment and disposal and facilities to promote pollution prevention and control of batteries.
    1.10 and technology policy to follow, “Pollution Prevention and Control of Hazardous Wastes and technology policy,” the general principles.

2. Production and use of battery

2.1 The promulgation of the class of the battery indicates the technical standards to facilitate the separate collection of waste batteries, resource utilization and treatment and disposal. Categories Logo battery should include the following:
The resumption of the identification recalled battery;
Need to identify the type of battery recycling;
The presence of harmful components in the identification of cells.
2.2 battery manufacturers and assigned to other manufacturers to use their own trademarks belonging to battery operation, it should be the production of batteries according to national standards mark logo. The use of a dedicated integrated camera battery manufacturers must include in its product line with national standards for the classification of the logo mark cell.
2.3 The battery should require manufacturers and foreign importers (or distributor) in exports to China according to Chinese National Standard logo mark of the battery, or by the importer imported batteries in their annotations dough according to standard Chinese national identity.
2.4 The use of the apparatus of the battery must be used in designing easy to be demolished batteries (or battery) structure and its explicit instruction manual and battery installation and sampling methods and advice after the removal of batteries.
2.5 According to the relevant provisions of the ban on the production and sale of batteries containing mercury oxide. Under the relevant provisions of the ban on the production and sale of mercury content exceeds the quality of 0.025% zinc and manganese batteries and alkaline manganese January 1, 2005 to cease production of mercury above 0.0001% of the alkaline zinc-manganese batteries. Gradually increase the mercury content of less than 0.0001% of the alkaline zinc-manganese batteries in a battery of ratios to reduce gradually the paste-type batteries produced and sold, and, finally, paste-type battery.
2.6 Based on technological advances, the development of batteries of cadmium and lead in limits on cadmium, lead and harmful elements in the use of cells. Encourage the development of lithium ion and nickel-metal hydride (Ni-MH battery for short), etc., production of rechargeable batteries to replace nickel-cadmium batteries, rechargeable nickel-cadmium batteries to reduce the production and the ‘use and finally eliminated in the civilian market, nickel-cadmium batteries.
2.7 encourages the development of low power, high energy, low emission products of the farm and production processes, use of technology. Encourage production of battery using recycled materials.
2.8 Intensify information and education to encourage and support consumers to use the mercury content of less than 0.0001% zinc alkaline high energy, manganese batteries, hp f4809a battery encourage and support consumers to use nickel-hydrogen batteries and lithium-ion batteries to replace the rechargeable nickel-cadmium batteries; to encourage and support consumers refuse to purchase and use of standards and counterfeiting battery products, not properly marked on the battery product identification;

3. Collection

3.1 The purpose of collecting the used batteries are nickel-cadmium batteries, batteries nickel hydrogen, lithium-ion batteries, lead acid batteries, rechargeable batteries that can be discarded (as hereinafter rechargeable batteries past), and the abandoned silver oxide button battery time (hereinafter referred to as waste batteries button).
3.2 Waste battery recycling, recovery should be the responsibility of units to carry out carefully. Currently, in the absence of effective adoption of technological and economic conditions, compaq presario 2500 battery do not encourage countries to focus the collection has reached a low mercury or mercury-free scrap batteries required.
3.3 The following units are recycling waste and waste rechargeable batteries: button cell Responsibility:
  Rechargeable batteries and battery manufacturer button;
Rechargeable batteries and button batteries importer;
The use of rechargeable batteries or products button cell manufacturer;
  Entrusted to manufacturers of batteries and others use their own trademarks owned by rechargeable batteries and button cell companies.
  3.4 The commitment of waste batteries and rechargeable button battery waste recycling unit of responsibility, it should be according to their own sales channels of goods orientation, organizations battery recycling system of waste or entrust the actual recovery of the recovery system. Rechargeable batteries, button cells and the use of these batteries sellers of goods should implement its sales office waste separation and recycling facilities for batteries to be recycled, and in accordance with the relevant standard for determining identity clear.
3.5 to encourage consumers to waste and waste batteries rechargeable batteries button or sale of electricity delivered to stores recycling facilities corresponding to the battery, to facilitate recycling vendors.
3.6 The volume of collected waste batteries sent with the appropriate qualifications are classified plant (facilities) for recycling or to provide a safe treatment and disposal.
3.7 The battery collection of packaging waste must be used with appropriate classification marking a collection of dedicated devices.

4. Transport

4.1 According to the type of waste batteries, using the national classification of collection containers and specialized transportation.
4.2 Storage and shipping containers of used batteries must be based on the characteristics of waste batteries are designed and difficult to damage, deformation,  sony vgp-bps9 battery the material can effectively prevent the leakage distribution. Waste containers must be equipped with a battery affixed to the national standards required by the classification marking.
4.3 Waste pre-conditioning the battery to the shipping and transport should be to ensure the structural integrity of waste batteries, waste batteries must not be broken, crushed, to prevent leakage of harmful components of the Pollution of the battery.
4.4 are classified as transboundary movement of hazardous waste batteries to meet the “Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal, Basel Convention” requirement, the bulk transfer of waste must comply with the internal battery, “a single transfer of management practices of hazardous waste” and other requirements.
4.5 The environmental protection administrative departments at all levels must be developed in accordance with national practice and local hazardous waste management of bulk transfer of waste to effectively control the flow from the battery to prohibit the transfer process waste batteries will be discharged into the environment, the prohibition in paragraph 3.1 need to focus on the collection of waste mixed with garbage in the battery.

5. Storage

5.1 The policy referred to waste storage battery is the volume of waste battery collection, transportation, recycling, treatment and disposal of the pre-storage behavior, including the establishment of processing and farm waste disposal methods prior to the temporary stack.
5.2 Installation of bulk storage containers for used batteries should refer to “hazardous waste storage standards anti-pollution” (GB18597-2001) requirements relevant to the construction and management.
5.3 Prohibition of waste batteries will be stacked in an open area subject to rain and flooding to prevent the batteries.

6. Recycle

6.1 The recycling plant waste battery must be based on waste rechargeable batteries and button batteries for recycling waste based construction of a prudent waste recycling plant cells.
6.2 Facilities for recycling of used batteries must be subjected to sufficient study of technical feasibility and cost to operate the plant will not cause secondary pollution from the environment and costs efficient recycling of resources.
6.3 Waste of rechargeable batteries,  ibm fru 92p1141 battery button batteries recycling plant waste should comply with the requirements of the use of hazardous waste comprehensive management facilities and access to the operating license for hazardous wastes prior to surgery . Spent a battery recycling plant and mixed waste, should refer to the overall utilization of facilities needs of waste management hazardous waste operating license obtained after the race.
6.4 Resource renewable batteries factory site selection should refer to “Hazardous Waste Incineration Pollution Control Standard (GB18484-2001) to the location request.
6.5 All batteries waste recycling plant in the production process, mercury, cadmium, lead, zinc, nickel and other harmful ingredients and safe handling of the recovery of the amount of disposal capacity and should not be less than the disposal of used batteries in harmful 95% of the total composition.
6.6 in the recycling of waste batteries process before disassembly, shredding, a sorting process must be conducted in enclosed structures, perform a purification treatment of exhaust gases, compliance prior to discharge. Do not lose the battery manually broken, and broken in the outdoor environment with operations, to ensure that waste batteries unorganized emissions of harmful substances, or avoidance, resulting in secondary pollution.
6.7 The use of pyro-metallurgical techniques of recycling of waste batteries, its merger process should be conducted under conditions of negative pressure in a confined space to avoid leakage of harmful gases and dust to collect gas must be treated with respect before discharge.
6.8 The use of a hydrometallurgical process for recycling of waste batteries, the process should be conducted in a closed structure, the purification of exhaust gases conducted dehumidification, compliance requirements before discharge.
6.9 The recycling plants of the battery should be fixed at purification systems exhaust systems, factory alarm and emergency treatment.
6.10 Battery power plant emissions of waste recycling should be the light of the implementation of the “incineration of hazardous waste pollution control standards (GB18484-2001) within the emission of air pollutants.
6.11 facilities Battery Recycling Plant waste water treatment should be fixed. Industrial emissions and wastewater should meet the “Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard” (GB8978-1996) and other relevant standards.
6.12 recycling of batteries from solid industrial waste produced by plants (including residues of the merger, the ash waste gas purification, sewage sludge wastewater, waste sorting, etc.)apple a1245 battery  must be made in accordance with the management of hazardous wastes and their disposal.
6.13 Staff battery recycling plant waste operating environment must meet the “industrial design standards of health” (GBZ1-2002) and “harmful factors in the workplace exposure limits Vocational (GBZ2-2002) and other national standards.
6.14 to encourage the recycling of waste batteries in science and technology research, development of the economy, the efficient recycling of treated waste batteries, improve the rate of resource recycling of used batteries.

7. Disposal

7.1 incineration and composting waste of life cities and regions are invited to perform waste collection, avoiding all kinds of batteries in the trash at the incineration plant and other solid waste composting facility garbage fermentation.
7.2 to prohibit the collection of a variety of incineration of waste batteries.
7.3 for the already collected, and there is no cost effective means of one or a combination of recycled waste batteries recycling, you can refer to the safe disposal of hazardous waste for storage requirements of ’secure landfill for disposal or storage. In the absence of construction areas safe landfill of hazardous waste, landfills, hazardous waste safely, according to the requirements of the construction of dedicated discharge unit, or in accordance with “Hazardous Waste Storage anti-pollution standards “(GB18597-2001) requirements for the construction of dedicated storage facilities for used batteries are the batteries in plastic containers in a landfill or dedicated storage facilities. The use of plastic containers must be resistant to corrosion, pressure,  acer aspire 5520 battery sealing characteristics, must be intact, and landfill disposal operations should also be required to meet strength requirements.
7.4 In order to facilitate the recycling of used batteries in the future if the collection of waste batteries will rank partition landfill or storage.
7.5 In the landfill of waste batteries and front and disposal operations in the storage process, the battery should not be spent dismantling, crushing and other operations to ensure breaking the abolition the case of the battery to perform, to reduce and prevent harmful exudative material.
8. Pollution prevention and control of waste lead-acid batteries

  8.1 conduct waste collection acid batteries, transportation, dismantling, recycling of the merger and other activities not only meet the vanguard of the various chapters of requirements must also comply with the requirements of this chapter.
8.2 Waste Lead-acid batteries for recycling should be to prohibit the disposal by other means.
8.3 Waste Lead-acid batteries must be in compliance with the hazardous waste management. Conduct waste collection acid batteries, transportation, dismantling, the company must obtain secondary lead hazardous waste permit to operate or operation in May of execution.
8.4 encourage the focus on recycling of waste lead-acid batteries.
  8.5 Lead-acid batteries in the waste collection, transportation must be maintained in the shell and take the necessary measures to prevent leakage of acid.
Conduct waste collection acid batteries, transport units must develop emergency measures necessary to ensure the collection, transportation in the event of an accident can actually reduce and eventually prevent pollution of environment.
Decommissioning of waste lead-acid 8.6 battery recycling should be conducted in specialized. In the recovery process of decommissioning should be plastic, a sheet of lead, lead-free materials, recycling of waste acid, respectively, to treat.
8.7 Waste Lead-acid batteries in the collection and disposal of waste acid shall not be discharged into sewers or discharged into the environment. Can not be bombed, the direct smelting of scrap lead-acid battery acid.
8.8 Recovery of lead waste, fusion of acid battery companies must meet the following requirements:
The recovery of lead was more than 95%;
Secondary lead production scale is greater than 5,000 tons / year. Technology policy after the release of new enterprises, the scale of production should exceed 1 million tons / year;
Fusion process of secondary lead using closed equipment, and the negative pressure in the production conditions, to prevent the escape of gas;
With a complete sewage purification plants exhaust gas, wastewater, emissions in the relevant national standards;
Of secondary lead dust and sludge generated in good, safe disposal.
  The phase does not meet these basic criteria of crafts and small lead smelters regenerated business.
  8.9 Lead acid waste recycling process for batteries melting of dust and sludge must be taken in accordance with the requirements of treating hazardous waste management and disposal.

Most consumer goods are electronics using lithium-ion battery-powered, such as mobile phones, MP3, cameras and laptops. Prior to 2007, Battery Lithium-ion battery gives a good impression of stability. But in recent years, there have lithium-ion batteries explode enable the sector to review their security problems and try to find a new supply of material power.

Foreign media reported that Taiwan’s Industrial Technology Research Institute recently found a new solution is still powered by lithium-ion batteries, but not an explosion. It is reported that Alex Pang, led by the research team has developed a process called “Stoba” The new equipment can be used in lithium-ion battery between the positive and negative.
When the lithium-ion batteries that the status of an internal short occurs, the internal temperature will rise quickly to 500 degrees, resulting in lithium-ion batteries overheating or explosion of new material you Stoba can when the temperature reaches 130 degrees to form a protective film layer of insulation, This is to avoid further improve stability, to avoid an explosion, where more Stoba materials, batteries, also known as “never battery exploded. ”

However, the current problems is the inclusion of Stoba increase the cost of lithium-ion battery, about 2% -3%, the promotion will encounter resistance. Alex Pang said that the new lithium-ion batteries in laptops and cell phones in the first use of the first quarter of 2010 should be seen.

Support the policy is to come. Engineering Department has clearly stated that the letter will study and formulate energy saving and new energy vehicles Action Plan “, we believe that substantial support policies may be enacted and applied in year or early next year. Predictability of policies include: laptop battery rechargeable 13 pilot cities in the introduction of new energy vehicles matching support programs: capital, building power plants, reducing taxes, tolls, parking fees; 10 billion of technological transformation and new energy vehicles, key components of grants Regulations promulgated; modify an official government vehicle is equipped with management practices, a clear allocation ratio of new energy vehicles: l State has adopted the policy of subsidizing consumer purchases of new energy vehicles, the introduction of new energy vehicles for tax relief, development of new energy vehicles construction plan of infrastructure, introduction of new energy automotive industry, clearly the next 20 years to maintain production goals.

To focus on grants and facilities construction plan for infrastructure. dell latitude d500 battery,dell latitude d505 battery We believe that the most important policy is the average consumer to buy new energy vehicles are subsidized, and the development of new energy vehicles and infrastructure planning. The introduction of these two policies that will address bottlenecks in the consumption and use of the bottleneck is the big new energy vehicles

Laws and regulations will increase the cost of fuel and further promote the development of new energy vehicles. “Air Law” to declare next year National People’s Congress for approval, and further improve the “Motor Vehicle Pollution Control Regulations” and “,” Shier Wu “motor vehicle in the planning of pollution control “marked the domestic legal environment is more severe, the use of the cost of conventional gasoline vehicles increased steadily, the vehicles will be new energy laws and regulations to guide the direction of industrial policy.

The subsidy policy in the future, and the rate of localization is likely to hook. In the development strategy, pending the countries new energy vehicles as an opportunity to catch up from behind their own technology. We can predict for the current swarm of heat energy vehicles, possibly introducing new energy efficiency car allowance and major parts localization rate will be linked to, and encourage the autonomy of key as possible and depending on the location of raw materials. hp hstnn-lb31 battery,hp pavilion zv6000 battery At the same time the state will improve the access threshold, and rigorous review system products.

Monitoring the policy can be expected. The United States may be from November through the Clean Energy Security Act. “Secondly, China and the world will follow other major industrial countries issued their support for the new energy policy for the Copenhagen agreement in December for greater influence. We believe that by December all over the country in May to support the intensive introduction of new energy related policies, new energy vehicles transaction capabilities are different species.

Promising varieties of independent innovation of automotive batteries. We are optimistic about the next new energy policies to promote investment opportunities in the automotive battery industry, we believe that the next 3-5 years, Ni-MH batteries, HEVs will remain the mainstream of new energy vehicles, HEVs will PHEV, EV co-existence about 10 years.

Within 3 ~ 5 years later, sony pcga-bp2t battery with iron to increase the performance of lithium phosphate to lower costs, and the national network of charging stations in place progressive lithium iron phosphate as the main engine the PHEV, EV mark the beginning of a broad development prospects.

Cottage worrying the quality of mobile phone battery, mobile phone user security is seriously threatened, the whole industry chain, from production and sales to the national regulatory authorities, should be changed for mobile phones to take responsibility for the hand grenade explosion.

In fact, nothing new cell phone explosion, and the first since 2002 a succession of a cell phone explosion of news, in general, mobile phone explosion of news is always linked to the cottage battery, but intensified cell phone explosion had to caused us think of.

Mobile phone battery and frequent accidents

January 5, 2004, Shenzhen Wie’s cell phone suddenly exploded, resulting in its pants torn apart, his right leg was also severely burned

In June 2007, Jinta County, Gansu Province, Jiuquan City, the camp of pairs of cities and towns iron processing plant when operating an electric welder, mobile phone batteries have exploded, resulting in his death.

January 30, 2009, Dong Hwa South Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, Lenovo mobile phone shop with the explosion occurred, a 20-year-old clerk to the neck artery rupture, died on the spot.

November 9, 2009, Nokia mobile phone charger for emergency recall of some of … …

Why mobile phone battery explosion

An example of a live around us, cell phone batteries are also increasingly severe security problems, then the produce so many accidents why cell phone batteries explode it?

In fact, the structure of mobile phone battery is very simple, mainly by batteries, the safety control circuit and package three parts. Its science and technology content is not high, piled up by the numerous positive and negative ions formed. Not many types of mobile phone battery on the main nickel-metal hydride, nickel cadmium and lithium batteries. The most important thing is the battery batteries part of the electrical energy storage device, when there is overcharge, over-discharge, etc., there may be low-quality battery core breakdown in the membrane, so that batteries produced in the positive and negative short-circuit, easy to produce an explosion caused by high temperature and pressure.

We are now the majority of mobile phone batteries use a lithium-ion batteries, lithium-ion batteries due to small size, energy density, memory effect is not obvious, and so much of the advantage of favor. However, there are also lithium-ion battery cycle life is short, charging circuit complexity of the internal protection circuit on the battery demanding, and many other defects. Therefore, comparing nickel-metal hydride and nickel cadmium batteries, lithium batteries at higher risk and more are explosive.

Cottage mobile phone battery pend

“Cheap” is a cottage in a bright mobile phone battery playing card, relative to hundreds of brand mobile phone battery easily, only a few dozen blocks of money being sought after natural cottage mobile phone batteries. “Using up cell phone batteries and the brand is no different.” This temptation, to mobile phone users, then why not do it? “Cheap” really on the “poor quality” do? Take a look at those 10-minute mobile phone batteries on the streets, “street-made” the real story.

First, the stall holders will come up with a box of batteries of different sizes, saying it came from high-energy lithium batteries in Shenzhen. However, these batteries without any product identification. Then, in accordance with the original cell shape, cell phone, stall holders have picked the right size batteries, coupled with universal battery box and universal protection of boards and other material. Assembly molding, simply paste a thin layer of yellow laser stickers, a mobile phone battery is completed. Stall holders will be very confident to say that battery quality is absolutely no problem, usually a week can be used, while the life expectancy than a year. This production of the battery price of thirty or forty per hour, only less than half the price of brand batteries.

The fact is that, in order to reduce costs, cottage mobile phone battery manufacturers to manufacture most of the battery used in bad batteries, bad batteries There are many sources, mainly a way to get through the recycling of used batteries, we know, cell phone battery is there is life, after eliminate the old cell phone batteries, have reached the end of his life, once again recycling is no different from water buffaloes pulling carts, low efficiency, but also a security risk. In addition, qualified in the composition of the battery by adding a security control circuit to prevent short-circuit occurs. Meanwhile, the battery package, the battery will be qualified to set the shell discharge pressure device to prevent excessive pressure arising from expansion. Moreover, in the shell material, formal firms choose to use aluminum, this material is thinner, there is a certain degree of flexibility on the degree of pressure, while the counterfeit products are generally iron or plastic, lower cost, once the explosion would lead to a very personal causes great harm to nature.

Cottage mobile phone battery selling because there is an important one is to exaggerate the capacity of the battery, mobile phone battery capacity the greater the use of standby time with the longer time.

The so-called “CPU facilitate their machines.” Indispensable in this era of mobile phones, mobile phone battery shortage will lead to dropped calls, and information read the delay as diverse as the emergence of trouble. So how to find a large capacity, long standby battery has become a modern mobile phone users are concerned about.

Many cottage mobile phone battery producers to seize this point, desperately exaggerate the capacity of its mobile phone batteries, the normal capacity of the battery should be 800-1200 mA, but in the cottage, where the manufacturer, 3000 mA, 4000 milliamperes , and even 10,000 milliamperes of mobile phone batteries are frequently arises. Can experts say: 2000mAh battery, if the above short-circuit, damaging no less than a small bomb. dell inspiron 1521 battery,dell inspiron 1525 battery  Ultra-Capacity battery just some cottage mobile phone battery manufacturers name of “super-long standby,” the slogan of four trickster Bale. Sober people all know that these are the profiteers deceptive trick. The blind pursuit of large-capacity machines faithful already crazy, hoping to find a never-rechargeable mobile phone batteries!

Conclusion

Cottage worrying the quality of mobile phone battery, mobile phone user security is seriously threatened, the whole industry chain, from production and sales to the national regulatory authorities, should be changed for mobile phones to take responsibility for the hand grenade explosion.

1 Introduction
Crystalline silicon batteries  can reach a solar conversion efficiency of the higher reason is mainly due to surface passivation, oxygen and techniques of wet oxidation. Development and application of new technologies, but also contribute significantly to the commercial development of solar cells. Over the last 10 years, global production of solar cells for the 30% average annual rate of rapid growth, the growth of monocrystalline silicon and polycrystalline silicon solar cells for the largest share, more than 80% of growth solar cell in full.
In addition to the industrial use of new technologies, optimization of solar cell production process is also very important. Solar industrialization of one of the major problems is how to ensure high conversion efficiency of the battery under the premise of increasing their production. The proliferation of production of PN junction is the nucleus of cells, crystalline silicon solar, but also a key to good and bad quality of the battery. In the process of proliferation, the biggest problem is how to protect the spread of uniformity. The proliferation of consistency and good battery. Its monitoring process parameters of high control. Offer a better guarantee of performance and indicators of the battery of the electrical stability. The proliferation of high uniformity in low-cost effective promotion of the battery industry, there are two main directions: one is the PN junction solar cells a new design of structural applications such as N-type batteries, SE (selective emitter) batteries, etc., the other is due to other processes or materials, application of new technologies need to find the corresponding line of the spread of technology, such as metallurgical silicon for solar cells, SunPower Low Rear-cost-contact solar cells, and rear-Sharp and solarcells contact. It is the proliferation of demand for uniformity of a new research direction. The proliferation of industrial production of PN junction crystalline silicon used primarily for the proliferation of the method of resistance tubular heating furnace (use general son Kanthal heating), the main system load overhang (load / unloading) and the soft landing (load soft contact-Ing, called SCL) of two kinds, the household water heater cantilever spread mainly based abroad, so SCL. Compared to the loading mechanism cantilevered to configure the proliferation of stove, oven SCL-diffusion type because of his throat tightness more protection, not using quartz insulating ring file to ensure the temperature is low. Process during the reaction SiC paddle reaction quartz tube, these design advantages to reduce the impact of the proliferation factor of uniformity in the production process to ensure better distribution uniformity, but also significantly reduce the risk of Pleasure dirt sticking to efficiency solar cells to ensure the physical protection of industrial applications. It is also the proliferation of SCL-type furnace to gradually replace the cantilever mount due to the proliferation of furnaces. The fast track process include the proliferation of open tube and closed tube proliferation, proliferation of uniform requirements for continuous improvement and high conversion efficiency, the battery requirements of high production scale reduction cost is the basic use of closed production chain tube. The proliferation of uniform cantilever tube furnace atmosphere affect the proliferation of factors relevant field of research to achieve the optimum process parameters to reduce production costs.
2 proliferation factors of consistency
Tube-type furnace for the proliferation of features, optimize the uniformity of the spread of the main areas of technology to make temperature compensation. In the large-scale production, compensation, mainly through adjustment processes in reaction time, flow and reaction temperature to achieve all three. Cantilever loading mechanism is equipped with its own characteristics and the proliferation zone oven temperature of the fixed part, paddle ensure SiC, quartz isolation stalls circle and all rivers and boats of the quartz plate are fixed location. In addition to the factors that influence the proliferation of consistency related to a fixed object placement, the rate of process gas, emission rate and balance settings furnace pressure, are diverting flow design of the uniform plate gas, location and emission changes in air temperature stable anti jamming balance settings and other factors are also essential, interrelated due to the impact of these factors, making production relatively difficult to process optimization, especially in a climate of market factors are more difficult to control,  toshiba pa3191u-3brs battery which is in the field of research has not established a climate of proliferation of a uniform engineering field the difficult. According to the characteristics of a climate of market factors to the spread of air-structure diagram in the field of Figure 1. Figure 1, the arrows indicate the direction of flow of gas emissions profile TC pipes and casing to the same horizontal plane, emissions from process exhaust pipe routed through the absorption of liquid seal bottles (commonly used production Industrial round fog treatment), handling after passing the exhaust.
The industrial production of a uniform diffusion furnace propagation test chips of larger to reflect the sheet resistance. Process reaction time, reaction temperature, flow and process changes in a very intuitive reflects changes in the value of resistance in the area, namely, reaction time and process technology for increasing the reaction temperature will result in lower values of sheet resistance, reflecting the reduced flow from the source of phosphorus increased the value of resistance in the area, and vice versa.
2.1 The flow of process gas on the oven temperature
In the process the temperature stable condition, the closure of the N2 small (bottle bubbler phosphorus source), by manual test high N2 flow of documents to the proliferation of mouth quartz furnace reaction tube furnace, oven, oven last three paragraphs Profile TC (couple tlaermal) temperature with high gas flow (pressure) changes in order to study the atmosphere of field oven gas flow (pressure) change is closely associated the proliferation of the impact of uniform temperature and trends. The testing procedures include:
(1) Check the door and the junction gas tightness;
(2) Equipment temperature parameters self-tuning PID;
(3) Manually adjust the flow of N2 large, 25 L / min, increased to 27 L / min, recorded before and after the flow control and the constant flow of changes in temperature caused by the temperature values gap dynamic see Table 1;
(4) to manually adjust the flow of N2 great size, 25L/min, reduced to 23 L / min, recorded before and after the flow control and the constant flow of temperature changes caused by temperature difference dynamic values shown in Table 2, Table Zone1 oven to tail, zone2 is an oven in the end Zone3 for the oven, Zone4 is the mouth of the oven, Zone5 for the mouth of the oven.
From Table 1 and Table 2, data can be seen that the gas flow of 25 L / min to 27 L / min change in temperature of the oven lowers the end of 1 ℃, no change in temperature of the oven and exit, the gas flow of 25 L / min reduced to 23 L / min, the temperature of the tail oven 1 ℃, the outlet temperature decreases 1 ℃ oven.
2.3 The location of the uniformity of the mouth of furnace emission
Zone temperature diffusion furnace is limited to maximize production efficiency are conflicting partners. In production, you must be placed in the constant temperature zone to maximize the proliferation of silicon chips, ibm thinkpad r52 battery  to ensure constant temperature accuracy and temperature stability zone. Due to system load overhang to configure the proliferation of the mouth of furnace furnace maximum temperature reached may be as much as possible close to the door of exit of the exhaust pipe, but also can improve response near the direction of the oven regional climate uniformity of silicon area. Therefore, the respective location and adjust the exhaust emissions from the experience.
As shown in Table 4, area evacuation of exhaust gases away from the thermostat is closer to the oven, mouth of the furnace of the resistance layer on chip / chip d ‘improve consistency among the best, but emissions are also a large number of thermal emissions, In the discharge area of the heat gathered more, taking into account the door because of the low temperature (generally less 200 ℃) request a certain extent, and limit emissions Koudao distance can not be too near the door. Therefore, the mouth of the production of emissions in a better position to balance the two largest distance.
2.4 The amount of size uniformity of furnace combustion port
When you enter the proliferation rate of quartz tube furnace treatment of the gas flow is constant, the size parameters of volume of exhaust directly affect the proliferation of the furnace atmosphere,  apple a1185 battery,apple m8403 battery the pressure changes on the market, but also with the furnace atmosphere, concentrations of gas at the pressure of market processes are involved. Thus affecting the uniformity of the spread, especially in the mouth of the furnace uniformity.
Table 5 Analysis of furnace through mouth-chip specific reasons for the poor big Get Big mainly by the poor second half of sheet resistance of silicon results, and the second half again with the exhaust port recently So take a small row of tune opening the valve, which increases the pressure of the oven and, indirectly, increase the response time of process gas, thereby improving the mouth of the oven-chip uniformity and inter-chip uniformity. For the production is stable, the furnace pressure is the best value in a certain range, which requires the reactive process gas flow and exhaust emissions must maintain an overall balance.
3 Conclusion
The main process of crystalline silicon manufacturing process of solar cells, including the system, velvet, diffusion, etching, painting, printing, sintering and so on, each process related control parameters are directly or indirectly, with the performance parameters associated with battery power. In the process of proliferation, the uniformity of the spread reflects directly in the formation of deep differences silicon PN junction Junction, uniformity is better reflected in the difference in junction depth is low, and vice versa.
And different junction PN junction depth of their different sintering conditions. On the other hand, the conditions of sintering even used in the proliferation of production and good uniformity in the system of cells, the ohmic contact behavior, the electrical performance parameters such as coherence fill factor is good,  dell fk890 battery,dell gk479 battery his ultimate expression in the consistency of the conversion efficiency of solar cells controlled sex. Using experimental methods and impact assessment of solar cells, crystalline silicon spread an atmosphere of uniformity of market factors and process optimization to improve the mode of regulation in the process of debugging an atmosphere of games need to take note of these factors are interrelated and influence, and generally will be optimized to improve the uniformity of the two plates flow location factors in the design and issuance of the shunt, and integrated process flow gas, exhaust systems and other relevant factors to adjust the pressure balance of the furnace. Through optimizing the proliferation of uniform rules. May improve the fill factor FF solar cell, the shunt resistance Rsh, Rs series resistance and open circuit voltage UCC, properties, electrical etc., thus reducing manufacturing costs of the battery.

Thin-film crystalline silicon cells principle of electricity and is similar to when sunlight shines on the battery when the battery to absorb light energy produced photo-generated electron – hole pairs,  laptop battery rechargeable  the role Battery integrated electric field, electrons and holes are separated photogenerated holes drift towards the P side, the electronic drift on the north side, the formation of light-induced voltage, when connected to external circuit, current production.
Crystalline silicon thin film batteries and comparing the battery:
Advantages:
(1) low cost, according to forecasts of Photon, is expected to decline in 2012 to U.S. $ 2.08 / W; estimated average price of thin film batteries can be of current dollars U.S. 2.65 / w dropped 1 U.S. $ 11 / p, with obvious advantages over crystalline silicon and the preparation of thin
Manufacturers of cell membranes more optimistic forecasts, EPV is estimated that by 2011 the cost of thin film modules will be well below 1 U.S. $ / W; Oerlikon even estimated that in 2011 GW-power level will reduce the cost of its components to 0.7 U.S. $ / w, is because the conversion rate and magnitude caused.
(2) The low light is good
(3) The appropriate combination of photovoltaic power generation and construction elements (BIPV), and stainless steel substrates of thin polymer films for flexible solar cells such as roofs of buildings,  dell latitude d620 battery as needed to to rate different light transmission, instead of the curtain wall of glass.
Disadvantages:
(1) low efficiency solar cells in monocrystalline silicon monomer efficiency of 14% -17% (AMO), while the flexible amorphous silicon solar cell components of the matrix (about 1000 square centimeters) at the efficiency of 10-12%, but there is a certain gap.
(2), poor stability, it does not focus on stability, reflected in its efficiency of energy conversion compared to the irradiation time, change the extension until after hundreds or thousands of hours of stability. This problem to some extent affected the low-cost solar cell applications.
(3) the same output of electricity needed to increase the size of solar cells,  hp f2024b battery compared to crystalline silicon cells, per watt of battery size will increase to about twice the installation space and light the case of the small size limits its application.

In the double pressure of energy and the environment, global automakers will look towards a new energy vehicles, huge sums of money for technical research & D and marketing applications. Among them, cell vehicles to hydrogen fuel as an energy source has been one of development. Recently, however, laptop battery rechargeable  Automotive Engineering, Tsinghua University and Development Research Institute, Mr. Song Jian, Vice-President stressed that the high cost of vehicle fuel cell, hydrogen is difficult, the technology of fuel cells for development of new energy vehicles does not seem practical.
Deficient in several respects:
The high cost of vehicles to hydrogen fuel cell is difficult
Vehicle fuel cell operating principle is: always sent by the fuel cell hydrogen fuel and oxygen under the influence of the catalyst in water while producing electricity driven generator to drive the wheels turning. Although this new energy vehicles emit virtually zero, but due Song, costs are high, restricting future development of hydrogen is difficult.
“Fuel cell in the car can not replace anything, just a device for converting energy, is equivalent to the rising cost of cars.” Song said: “The current generation technology of fuel cells, the price per kilowatt-General to $ 20,000 U.S.. Even in 2035 before the older generation, but also the price per kilowatt of about 20,000 yuan. “total cost of more expensive vehicles, one year for use during the Olympics, no large-scale production of fuel cell version of the Passat, for example, dell e1505 battery  the cost may be nearly one million yuan each. “Vehicle fuel cell is still in the ‘Run Model’ State, at home and abroad are not mass production. “Said Song.
In addition to manufacturing costs are high, the hydrogen is also difficult for low-cost access to one of the problems encountered. Song said: “At this hydrogen by electrolysis of water: the acquisition, use a high cost. Because it is gas, there is a huge and difficult, it is difficult to store and transport. And even in the small spark of static electricity can easily ignite under, there are a security risk. ”
Best Uses:
The most appropriate storage of solar wind
The technology of fuel cells for the development of new energy vehicles does not seem practical. But Song made, using similar techniques to construct the station energy storage power, stabilize the voltage, frequency, regulate peak electricity and the valley, but it added a good choice.
“Wind energy, solar energy by the excellent weather conditions and volatile output, if they are directly integrated into the grid, would damage the quality of food.” He explained, “it would better as a fuel conversion device cells, wind energy, energy issues Solar Electric in situ electrolysis of water into hydrogen and oxygen, then through the fuel cell to generate the electricity. it would lead to the voltage stability of power, frequency stability,  hp dv9000 battery  and better suited to enter the gate. when hydrogen becomes a storage medium for energy. ”
Song also said that, initially designed for generators to power fuel cell car, has the characteristics of fast start, can not simply be used to adjust peak and valley. Consumption in the trough, to ensure energy efficiency, excess capacity may be the first store. Wait until rush hour, just 12 seconds of time, fuel cells can bring electricity to be released.
As the current high cost of fuel cells and abroad have not used it as an attempt of energy storage power plants.
New energy cars:
Hybrid is not enough People First
So all kinds of vehicles in which new energy development in the future? In this regard, Song believes that the prospect of a better hybrid.
He said that pure electric vehicles are powered by the vehicle power supply, rely solely on battery power, while leading the process emissions to zero, but very expensive, if long distance travel, the charge is not very practical. The bio-fuel vehicles do not have universal significance, the system needs to take the use of ethanol fuel from corn, soybeans and other crops could cause a food crisis. In contrast, the hybrid technology in foreign countries has matured. It will save over 40% of fuel consumption, 6.2-liter engine consumption of fuel amounts to only 3 liters of fuel consumption average.
However, this song has also stressed that despite the prospect of a good hybrid, but for now, for the average consumer is still very wasteful. He remembered that the GUI for calculating the price of hybrid vehicles that average savings of 1 million dollars, also the equivalent of 7 million yuan. sony bps2 battery   Even if the oil price of 7 yuan per liter for the calculation, it can buy 70,000 yuan 10,000 liters of gasoline, enough for passenger cars and 130,000 -15 thousand miles. If you put a one-time purchase of a car so even if the fuel hybrid high yield of 40%, still need to take 60% of the fuel load.

With the electric vehicle technology and infrastructure components in place quickly, the firm provides market research as a key component prices car battery may be halved within five years, but the laptop battery rechargeable  materials bottlenecks may also be the electrification of vehicles on the road barriers.
Motor Show in Frankfurt, Germany (IAA motor show) during the period, the analyst market analyst CSM Greg Mount, expects the current crisis facing the automotive industry will be a temporary phenomenon; In 2010, demand is expected to become stable, the vehicle of global annual sales amount is expected to grow by 6%. Mount noted that the European car market, but the pace of recovery will be slower in 2010, the projected growth rates of 5%, about the performance of the U.S. market will be better than the overall average growth.
In electric cars and plug-in hybrid market, CSM is necessary to establish a certain size must meet the six critical conditions, they are: high oil prices, charging station infrastructure, government incentives, dell e1505 battery  the ability to offer products and restrictions on emissions of carbon dioxide regulations. Most of the above conditions, I’m afraid to go to 2024-2030 years before reaching maturity; For the current concern about the most relevant manufacturers of lithium electric vehicles, battery technology ion should move towards maturity between 2017-2023 years.
But while lithium was regarded as the standard technology for electric vehicle applications, its high price was considered the development of the electric vehicle industry, a major obstacle on the road. If the predictions of CSM is correct, that is, industry will quickly bring down the price of lithium batteries for automotive, Andrew Fulbrook, senior analyst at the agency in 2015, the 25 kWh Li -ion batteries will be divided into five, and its downward trend in prices will be continued until 2030.
Fulbrook noted that the current price of lithium per kWh is about 1000 euros (1480 dollars), and its key point should be to lower the price of 400 euros per kWh: “We believe that the price level will be removed acceptance by the market is a key trigger points to strong demand. “At this stage, 25 kWh Li-ion batteries hp f4812a battery  is then defined as the industry standard size,” This will be the majority of the first generation electric vehicles used in standard battery sizes. “Said Fulbrook.
Trends in standardization size battery will help OEM factories in the first phase of efforts to reduce costs, rather than to extend the battery running remotely. Fulbrook said that the 100 ~ 150 km drive from the first generation of electric vehicles will be essential, however: “the price is more important than driving distance, consumers were not yet ready to spend more of money to extend the travel distance or the battery charge related costs ─ ─ even if a government incentive policies are unnecessary.
Outside the 25 kWh battery, the battery area should also be established there are other price / capacity for significant breakthroughs. Those in the industry say, 30 kWh battery is 2020 euro per 200 kWh price level, while in the U.S. market, 40 kWh batteries should arrive in 2030, for every kW / 100 ~ 120 euro price points .
To reach the price of car battery to ensure supply of raw materials not affect the battery is a major premise; Fulbrook said that mines lithium present are mainly grown in South America,  apple a1061 battery Argentina and Bolivia, China also has many mineral deposits. But to master the most volatile regions of these conditions can be obtained from the raw material has its own difficulties, if the forecast is no more the CSM of these factors.

Ohio State University researchers said, when the production environment of the Earth, solar-friendly, the rose could be a new “green.” Scientists have developed a new dye sensitized solar cells (DSSC). The battery used by the color red and white, mixed metal oxide powder pink showing, you can catch the sun.
Apparently, these new pink materials, is the best material for photoelectric conversion, despite the conversion efficiency has been implemented in commercial silicon solar cells by half, but its cost is only one fourth of solar cells silicon.
Pink dye sensitized solar cells is the most typical color. Most dyes contain a ruthenium, ruthenium red. With the red dye mixed with rose powder most commonly used metal oxide is titanium oxide or zinc oxide, these two types of metal oxides are white. However, researchers at Ohio University created a more innovative materials does color, they used metal complex, exploring different particle shapes to improve performance of photoelectric conversion.
This is the first time, researchers use non-unique dye manufacturing oxide sensitized solar cells. Choose stannate zinc because zinc stannate belongs to the complex oxides with tunable properties. This characteristic makes the next cut of dye sensitized solar cells possible.
Why dye sensitized solar cells are pink rather than blue like silicon solar cells do? Traditional solar cells with a blue because the fight against the causes of reflective coating. These include improving the absorption of light green, light green spectrum is the most powerful solar light.dell xps m140 battery  Ohio University researchers developing complex materials and it is not anti-reflective coating.
Color determines the solar cell can capture the wavelength of light, scientists can change the color of the special characteristics of solar cells optimized. Currently, the development of dye sensitized solar cells, scientists have used ruthenium red dye obtained the best results.
If you want to get the best efficiency, we must consider access to voltage and current. The tension is a kind of material can provide the potential energy, now is the amount of material capable of transmitting the charge. If you can absorb a wide range of wavelengths, it would have to sacrifice power. If the absorption of energy limit is very high, can achieve high voltage, but had to sacrifice being. Researchers want to find a fair balance.
Since the 20th century, 60 years since the silicon solar cells appeared. Since the 20th century, scientists began to develop the dye sensitized solar cells 90. In the dye sensitized solar cells, dye molecules cover the tiny particles of metal oxide have lived, and with the insertion of a thin film. Dye molecules capture light energy and release electrons,  hp pp2182l battery while the metal oxide particles was more like a thread, will be among the electronic transmission to the circuit, but the transfer of electrons between the particles may be lost. These researchers are developing tiny nanowires to merge to be sent directly to the causes of electronic circuits.
They are also exploring the possibility of using nano-trees – nano-son-shaped tree branches etc.. Which structure is to absorb light and improve the current structure? The researchers studied tree! Leaves provide a large surface for capturing light, the branches will be transferred to the roots of nutrition. In their design of dye sensitized solar cells, dye particles will cover the surface, the nano-trees do not grow between the leaves of these branches, electronic transmission.
Therefore, the following dye sensitized solar cells grow a tiny tree “pink”, but other colors are also possible. Researchers are studying to work better in the new dyes and dye compounds.

At present commercial production of thin film silicon solar cells can be divided into amorphous silicon (a-Si) thin film and amorphous / microcrystalline silicon (a-Si / μc-Si) thin-film battery.laptop battery  Its production process, first in the glass substrate to create Transparent Conductive Oxide (TCO), followed by PE CVD method of depositing p-i-type films and n-type, finally sputtering to do with the rear electrode. Preparation of current industrialization TCO spray method (sputtering) and deposition chemical vapor deposition (CVD), were formed on the glass substrate ZnO: Al or ZnO thin films. Deposit chemical vapor is commonly used raw materials for the diethylzinc (DEZn), its reaction with water generated ZnO and C2H6.
DEZn chemical is a colorless liquid density 1198kg/m3, has pyrophoric hazards of water reactive, toxic and other special means. DEZn spontaneous combustion in the air to produce the powder ZON, C O2, and H2O easily lead to burns. dell 6400 battery Violent reaction with water to produce a powder of ZnO and C2H6 gas. ZnO, which are very toxic to aquatic organisms, aquatic environment will have long term adverse effects. ZnO powders are also likely to cause a blockage of transport equipment and pipelines. DEZn chemical stability is very low, at 70 ℃ and above began to decompose above 120 ℃ when the decomposition products, including Zn, C2H6, C2H4, and H2 and so on, overheating May cause an explosion of container. Therefore, we must begin with the engineering design, operation and maintenance and emergency response, etc. to take corresponding measures to avoid accidents.
The DEZn lose
The design of transportation systems, beginning with an analysis of its harmfulness, through the design of safe, to eliminate potential safety problems. Secondly, the use of surveillance in hand to avoid accidents. Finally, the use of mitigation measures to reduce the consequences of the accident. DEZn to the special nature of the system design of safety monitoring, process control technology and control of purity has taken special measures to obtain the raw material in the cylinder DEZn, safety equipment, and continuously transported to the TCO.
Safeguards, the system uses materials SS316L pipe valves, and conduct safety tests and pressure leak detection with helium to ensure the mechanical integrity of the system. DEZn cylinder and control panel located on the ventilation of the explosion-proof cabinet shell to prevent leakage to the outside environment. Cabinet shell set up detectors at high temperature and flame detectors, fire alarms and issue timely and cutting supply DEZn. Dry powder Fire extinguishing device for quickly extinguished the flames of the shell of the cabinet. Automatic air valve to ensure that the fire service ventilation systems with the plant quarantine to prevent the spread of fire along the sheath.
Process control through the regulation of nitrogen in a smooth cylinder of DEZn taken to use equipment. Pressure sensors monitor the pressure of the delivery system at any time. hp 372772-001 battery The weight scale electronic surveillance of the cylinder to ensure a continuous supply of DEZn. Equipment, pneumatic valve, the PLC to achieve fully automatic operation.
Purity control system uses stainless steel materials S316L S, and after electropolishing. Process Valves are used diaphragm valves, and hook up a VCR. Systems are also envisaged to prevent the decomposition of n DEZ particles caused by congestion. How the site should be provided with personal protective equipment appropriate (PPE) and equipment for emergency response, and clearly marked evacuation routes. DEZn transaction requires the preparation and follow strict standard operating procedures (SOP), which has been done to confirm each step.
As DEZn violent reaction with water, and spontaneous combustion in the air, detect and cut off the source of leakage is to prevent the fire to develop the most fundamental ways. dell gd761 battery Fire prevention measures for stations DEZn fluids are mainly isolated from contact with air, commonly used with extinguishing dry powder, vermiculite, sand, perlite, etc., by prohibiting the use of fire extinguishers Halon, water, foam and other fire extinguishing agents.