Best laptop battery

Mercury-free Process and Control

(1) to improve the electrical conductivity properties of zinc ointment
Mercury’s “wet” between zinc and zinc help with the collection of fluid connection between the (sticky) Then, to improve the conductivity of zinc ointment, so that the battery has a good anti-vibration performance. Go mercury batteries, the conductivity decreased significantly. Conductive paste to improve the performance of zinc from the use of high viscosity stability Thickening good zinc cream, zinc cream in an appropriate increase in the proportion of zinc in zinc paste and add a few other conductive material aspects.

(2) to control pollution in the production process
Mercury-free alkaline manganese battery production must be kept clean and pollution-free production environment of the production process. According to the battery industry experience, the general requirements for the production of wet conditions at constant temperature, the appropriate temperature of 20 ℃ ~ 28 ℃, humidity 30% ~ 60% (RH). Not suitable for negative electrode assembly assembly at low temperatures, the steel should not be coated graphite conductive at high humidity conditions. Entire production process to be clean, to prevent hydrogen evolution into making zinc impurities increase. Intermittent parts processing, many manual, fittings beyond the control of pollution, the quality can not be assured.

(3) control of carbonated
Effective control of the production process is the carbonation anode are mercury-free alkaline manganese batteries, one of important process measures. First of all, to control the concentration of CO2 in air, zinc ointment preparation conditions in a vacuum, the electrolyte, zinc paste, cathode powder must be sealed packaging, KOH, such as mercury-free zinc powder should minimize exposure to air time, packing damaged should put an end to the use and so on. Sealing process equipment and transfer the former track security guard shall add, to reduce air exchange to prevent the battery carbonated products. Batteries should also be noted that control online time, mercury-free battery production in exceptional circumstances the longest downtime in general may not be more than two hours. The reliability of domestic equipment relatively poor, prone to failure, equipment failure should be to prevent the contingency measures.

(4) the attention of Cu and ultra-fine zinc powder on the impact of mercury-free battery
At alkaline manganese battery copper cathode in the basic state to compound exist in the role of electric potential, the easy migration to the anode, the zinc anode batteries go because of mercury, has accelerated the relocation of ultrafine particles to the cathode, when the diaphragm tube defects have points when, Cu2 + and Zn deficiencies in point happened in the redox reaction, the formation of copper hydroxide crystal sticks gradually penetrate the membrane, forming a short circuit. The production process must be strictly controlled Cu pollution, mercury-free zinc powder in the ultrafine particles there should be restrictions to prevent the migration of zinc powder to form short-circuit the battery.

(5) is more suitable for studies of mercury-free battery capacity requirements and improve the new structure
Made alkaline manganese battery is still the current structure of Japan’s Fuji prevailing on the sealed form, because of mercury-free alkaline manganese batteries Analysis of gas increases, the reliability of such a structure is open to question. Des films with cathode assembly more conducive sealed nylon because of the consistency is better, mercury-free alkaline manganese batteries to consider the reliability of seals from polypropylene nylon than good, unfortunately the high cost of nylon ring. Europe and the United States structure of alkaline-manganese battery is worth drawing on our country, besides a reliable seal, the cell can make use of space has become larger and more conducive to the improvement of battery capacity.

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1, the power of the basic work?

Answer: by running the high-frequency switching technology to communicate with higher input voltage (AC) is converted to PC computers at work need a lower DC voltage (DC).

2, the power flow is the work like?

A: When the city electricity into the power supply after the first pass through choke coil and capacitor filter to remove high frequency noise and interference signal, then received high-voltage rectifier and DC filter. Then through the switch circuit to DC to DC high frequency pulse, sending high-frequency switching step-down transformer. Communicate and then filter out high-frequency part, so that the final output for computer use is relatively low-pressure pure DC.

3, EMI circuit’s primary role is what?

Answer: EMI circuit is filtered by the power grid into a variety of interference signals, to prevent the power switch circuit formed by channeling high-frequency power grid disturbance. EMI is an important element of CCC certification.

4, What is a high-voltage rectifier filter circuit?

A: The high-voltage rectifier filter circuit by a rectifier bridge and two high-voltage capacitors comprising solution. Role is to communicate the city of 220V power into 300V DC.

5, high-voltage capacitor general solutions are there?

A: The high-voltage capacitor Solutions we usually say a large capacitance, in general there are two, because of its voltage value is particularly high, so very large volume. According to capacity points, high-voltage capacitor general solution has 330uf, 470uf, 680uf, 820uf, 1000uf, 1200uf and so on, voltage value is generally 200V, temperature 85 degrees.

6, switching circuit work?

A: The principle of switching circuits by the switch control and PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) control chip oscillator circuit constituted to produce high-frequency pulse. High-voltage rectifier filter circuit will be generated by high-voltage direct current into high frequency pulse DC, to the main transformer step-down, into a low-frequency pulsed DC.

7, low-voltage rectifier filter circuit work?

A: After pulsed DC diode rectifier, and then by the electrolytic capacitor filter, so that the output voltage is different from the current stable. Because here is already so low voltage, so even though a large capacitance, usually have 1000uf, 2200uf, etc., but does not require a high voltage value, so the size of a small capacitance.

8, auxiliary circuit has what role?

A: 300V DC auxiliary power supply through the switch to become pulse current through the auxiliary power transformer output voltage of the two groups communicate, all the way by rectifier, three-terminal voltage regulator voltage regulator, output +5 VSB, added to the motherboard as a standby voltage; another via rectifier filter, Auxiliary 20V output power supply PWM chip work and so on. With the auxiliary circuit, computer software can be achieved boot, turn off the computer.

9 What is PFC?

A: PFC (Power Factor Correction) that the “power factor correction,” Characterization of electronic products is mainly used for energy use efficiency. The higher the power factor on the higher energy use efficiency. CCC certification through the computer power supply, must increase the PFC circuit. Position in the second layer filtering, the full-bridge rectifier circuit before. PFC has two types of passive PFC (also known as passive PFC), a is an active PFC (also called Active PFC).

10, Active PFC What are the characteristics?

A: Active PFC input voltage from 90V to 270V; power factor higher than 0.99, and has low loss and high reliability, etc.; can be used as auxiliary power, and no longer need auxiliary power transformers; output DC voltage ripple is very small, Therefore the use of active PFC power supply does not require the use of large-capacity filter capacitors.

11, passive PFC What are the characteristics?

A: passive PFC inductor compensation method generally used by making the exchange of fundamental input current and voltage phase difference between the reduced to improve power factor, passive PFC power factor is not very high, only 0.7 ~ 0.8, and heat is relatively large.

12, power shutdown feature of the software boot realize what the?

A: The power of software boot shutdown function is through the PW-OK circuit realization. PW-OK standby to host the output power level of zero self-test signal, the host to stop working on standby. After controlled, PW-OK in the switching power supply output voltage stability of a few hundred milliseconds after the delay from 0-level jump from +5 V, to host high output signal. The signal is equivalent to AT Power Supply PG signal. Host detected PW-OK after the power good signal to start the system. Running on the host city and in the event power brown-out or shuts down, PW-OK output signal than the ATX switching power supply +5 V output voltage ahead of the disappearance of hundreds of milliseconds, informing the host system in the power supply off the trigger before the automatic shut down to prevent a sudden drop too late when the hard disk heads to move the landing zone and scratch hard disk.

13, what is conducted interference?

A: conduction interference is used to measure the electronic products in the operation of the entire power network to send electronic jamming signal the size of a concept. All the electronic products in the electricity grid would be issued when the interference signal, if the interference signal is too large, then it will affect the quality of the entire electricity grid, thereby interfering with the normal operation of other electrical appliances. Therefore, most countries of the electronic products have a conduction disturbance indicators mandatory, to prohibit excessive conduction disturbance Product production, sale.

14, power supply testing which has more important projects?

A: There are cross-load, surge, input voltage, ripple noise, output short circuit, over power, conversion efficiency, power factor, response time, timing, noise, radiation conductivity, leakage current, high and low temperature test.

15, What is Inrush Current?

A: The surge current refers to the power to connect instantly, and flows into the power equipment of peak current. Input filter capacitor as a result of the rapid charging, so the peak current is much larger than steady-state input current. Should limit the AC power switch, rectifier, fuse, EMI filter pieces can withstand the surge level. Repeated loop switch, AC input voltage should not damage the power or lead to blown fuses.

16, what is the conversion efficiency?

A: Because the power in their work, some loss of energy converted into heat and lost. Therefore, the power supply must be to minimize heat loss. Conversion efficiency is the output power divided by the percentage of input power. Version 1.3 under full load power requirements for the minimum conversion efficiency of 70%. Version 2.0 is to recommend to improve conversion efficiency by 80%.

17, power factor and conversion efficiency What is the difference?

A: Although the power factor and power conversion efficiency of the utilization of all means, but the difference is great. Simply put, the power factor is the loss arising from the burden of the electricity sector, while the conversion efficiency of the loss is the user’s own burden. Can see, power factor, EMI are the protection of the national grid.

18, what is the rated power?

A: The rated power is the power supply in a stable, continuous working under maximum load, rated power on behalf of a real load power capacity, for example, a power supply rated power is 300W, the meaning is 24 hours a day, every year 365 days of continuous work, and of all the load should not exceed 300W. But, in fact, have a certain amount of redundant power supply, for example, rated power 300W power supply, the 310W can also stabilize the normal time, but try not to use more than rated power, otherwise, could lead to power supply or other computer components because of over-current and burned .

19, what is the over-power protection?

A: Apart from the rated power, there is a figure called the “overload”, in English called “OPP”. Overload refers to the power of the load continued to rise, reach a certain point, the power supply will automatically power off in order to avoid over-current damage to the power or the computer’s other parts. OPP value is usually 1.3 times the rated power around, and some manufacturers OPP located too high, in fact unsafe. Rated power and the OPP in between, there will be a range, for example, the new cold-drill rated power 300W, OPP for the 370W, then ,300-370W is the region between a “blind spot.” If in this interval the length of stay (General can continue to tens of seconds time), is likely to lead to power supply or the computer’s other parts to burn.

20, temperature-controlled power supply work?

A: The temperature control circuit is mainly achieved through the thermistor. When the power began to work, the fan power supply voltage of 7V, when the power supply inside the temperature increases, thermistor resistance decreases, a gradual increase in voltage, fan speed also increased. This will maintain the case temperature to maintain a relatively low level. In very light load cases, mute the effect can be achieved. During heavy load, to ensure heat dissipation.

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Believe that everyone has had this experience forward to the exciting drama, the sudden blackout of the. Even if further action quickly, such as the reason you find the time to start afresh, the most moving section is over. Of course, if prepared at home, a battery, it can be calmly read this paragraph again and see whether it is a problem with fuses or a temporary power outage Power Supply Bureau.

Thanks to Thomas Alva Edison, but for him in May 28, 1902 announced the invention of a lead-acid battery than the previous light weight but a longer service life of the new nickel-iron batteries, our modern industrial development might be lags several decades. Of course, this process is not easy, even the genius of Edison, but also spent 10 years of time, cost three million yuan investment, the number of experiments as high as 50,000 times. In his words, so many results of the experiment, at least, so that “we already know should not have tens of thousands of materials used to make batteries.”

In 1860, the French the invention of lead-acid batteries, and its principle is the use of lead and sulfuric acid produced by chemical reactions to solve the current generator suddenly unable to work when the power supply problem. However, such lead-acid batteries due to built-sulfuric acid, in handling very prone to hazards; and time is too short supply, known as the short-lived batteries. Aware of the problem of Edison began to try to use different materials react chemically generate electricity, hoping to solve this problem. He quickly realized that the problem is in the sulfate on. Decided to replace the alkaline solution with sulfuric acid, and to find a suitable metal to replace the lead. After three years of experimentation, Edison finally found a relatively stable properties of metal – nickel and iron. The summer of 1902, Edison batteries assembled with the new six electric vehicles, ready to do a battery-powered test. The test 500 0 itinerary miles on one charge, can go 100 miles. Edison for the pilot to do a description of the thriller, he said: “At every turn, I think that should be overturned.” He also dropped to the fourth floor of the battery from the battery to test the extent of the firm. Of course, the final proof of this is extremely negative iron, nickel oxide is extremely electrolytes potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide for the aqueous solution structure of the battery is indeed strong, durable.

Sulfuric acid electrolyte compared to make lead-acid batteries, the new battery electrolyte (30% of concentrated potassium hydroxide solution) the density in the charge and discharge the same. Nickel-iron batteries alone in the electromotive force when fully charged 1.3V, the actual energy density of 10 ~ 20 Watt / h / kg, in the discharge of electricity will continue to reduce. Therefore, it should not make a potential difference of the work of power, but it can offer high-current, in the case of not charging will not damage the preservation. Rechargeable lead-acid batteries at the beginning when they have air bubbles, while the lead-acid batteries only have a bubble when fully charged. The new batteries can serve as a start, traction power reserve of power, is widely used in cars, trams, telephones, signals and the laboratory and so on. However, Edison’s stringent product must not tolerate him any omissions. In 1904 the success of the battery can be used to test and put into the market, he soon discovered that this new type of battery has the problem of leakage, so the market all the products recalled, re-improvement technique. Nickel-iron batteries really wait until the large-scale use again, it is already 4 years later in 1909.

As his son, Charles Edison, as described in the battery invented this 10 years, Edison has never slept eight hours. Perhaps it was this kind of hard research, will enable us to enjoy today, he left more than 2000 inventions.

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Coal, petroleum, natural gas, is the current of human life in the main source of energy. With the development of human society and living standards improve, the need for increasing energy consumption. But these gifts of nature’s energy through the tens of millions of years of material changes in the earth’s crust gradually accumulated, the number of benefit but is after all limited. Therefore, people will eventually face the energy crisis of the day.

Of course, one could obtain energy from many aspects. Such as solar energy is an enormous energy. In addition, like geothermal, hydro, fissile nuclei can emit a lot of heat. Pilot studies have shown that the use of microbial power generation, to show people a bright future.

There are many types of batteries, fuel cells is the family of an up and comer. General cell is cathode, anode, electrolyte three parts, fuel cell is like this: let the fuel in the anode of a chemical reaction, the loss of electrons; allow oxidant in the cathode of a reaction, the wire running from the anode through over electronic. With the ordinary battery, this time where there is current through the wire.

Fuel cell can use hydrogen, hydrazine, methanol, formaldehyde, methane, ethane, such as for fuel to oxygen, air, hydrogen peroxide as the oxidant. Now we can make use of microbial life activities of the so-called “electrode active material” as a fuel battery, and then through the fuel cell is similar to the methods to convert chemical energy into electrical energy, becoming microbial cell.

Microbial cells as the electrode active material, mainly hydrogen, formic acid, ammonia and so on. For example, many people have been found to hydrogen-producing bacteria, which are of heterotrophic bacteria can have more than 30 kinds, they can ferment sugars, alcohols, organic acids and other organic matter, absorption of which chemical energy to meet their own lives and Events needs, while the other part of the energy in the form of hydrogen released. With this hydrogen as fuel, you can create a hydrogen-based batteries to microorganisms.

In confined spacecraft, the astronauts from the urine how to do? NASA devised a clever program: use of micro-organisms Bacillus to deal with urine to produce ammonia to ammonia for the electrode active material, has been micro-organisms on the battery, so not only deal with the urine, but also by the energy. General conditions in the aerospace, from 22 grams per person per day in urine, they will receive the 47 kilowatts of electricity. The same token, also allows micro-organisms from wastewater organics were made nutrients and energy, to produce the fuel needed for the battery.

Although the microbial cell is still in the pilot study stage, but it indicates that the near future, mankind will provide more energy.

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Iron phosphate lithium battery is used to make lithium-ion secondary battery, and now the main direction of motive power batteries, the relative NI-H, Ni-Cd battery has a great advantage.

     Lithium iron phosphate power battery eight major advantages: First, long life, long-life cycle life of lead-acid batteries in around 300, the maximum is 500, while the Shandong Haihua Group Co., Ltd-thinkpad t43 battery. Pa energy production of lithium iron phosphate power battery , cycle life of more than 2,000, the standard charging (5 hours rate) to use, can reach 2000 times. With the quality of lead-acid battery is the “new six months, six months old, and safeguard the maintenance of another six months”, most will be 1-1.5 years, and iron phosphate lithium-ion battery under the same conditions in use, will reach 7-8 years. Taken together, cost-effective lead-acid batteries for more than 4 times. Second, the use of safe, complete solution of lithium iron phosphate lithium cobalt and lithium manganese oxide security issues, cobalt and manganese Lithium ibm thinkpad t43 battery, Lithium in strong collisions will produce an explosion of consumers pose a threat to the life and safety, and phosphorus acid iron lithium to undergo strict safety tests, even in the worst traffic accident will not produce an explosion. Three can be high current 2C fast charge and discharge, under the dedicated charger, 1.5C charge can be 40 minutes so that the battery is full, starting current of up to 2C, but not the performance of lead-acid batteries now. Fourth, high temperature, lithium iron phosphate peak heating up to 350 ℃ -500 ℃ and lithium manganese oxide and cobalt acid lithium only about 200 ℃. Five, high-capacity. VI, no memory effect. 7, small size, light weight. 8, green environmental protection.

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Analysis of symptoms

Battery “strike” is not accidental

Originally, the battery neglect day-to-day maintenance, no electricity only know that is not surprising. However, the Spring Festival this week, actually has many of the same case to focus on the appeals to the imagination. It is natural that some owners think that the recent period more rainy days, humidity larger battery leakage easily. In this regard, the former Canton City Vehicle Maintenance Industry Association Deputy Secretary-General told reporters Introduction: First, although thinkpad r50 battery,  now, but from the South that really wet weather, there is still a considerable period of time. Second, even in April of the kind of wet weather, resulting in leakage of the examples of automotive batteries are few and far between. Therefore, this “leakage humid say” is not the main reason.

From a variety of “electricity” feedback case situation, there are several points which lead to the battery “strike” a major factor. First, battery quality problems. It is understood that the quality of many batteries as before, especially in maintenance-free batteries, a lot of battery is dead, there is no any omen. Second, the normal battery life easily be ignored. Example from a few “no electricity” example shows that the owners have been using for three years or even longer. If the vehicle has been in 2023 the age of the vehicle, the owner should pay attention to the inspection of the battery. Therefore, these vehicles battery “strike” is inevitable, but with the occurrence of sand, but also kind of coincidental factors.

Case playback

During the Spring Festival, the owner Mr. Liang to the outskirts of things thinkpad r50 battery, , and then drove back the urban area. But when he was turning keys brand, they can not find a car, but the horn and electric windows are normal, that is, not the car. Later, Mr. Liang call 4S shops, information is insufficient battery power, they have borrowed someone else’s car “ride electric”, and finally started the car. Later, Mr. Liang head to the repair shop to replace a new battery, only from the “no electricity” embarrassing. And during the holiday period, several owners of Mr. Liang’s Friend also has to reflect the same experience. What a coincidence, or it was an inevitable? To this end, the reporter interviewed relevant experts in order to learn the battery “strike” is the reason.

Emergency

Power shortages may “take power”

Insiders pointed out that when an ordinary battery power is low, add distilled water, purified water can also be used contingency. But if it is maintenance-free battery power shortages, can only be used “by the power” approach, other vehicles to help the battery. Typically, you can use a service called “Martial Law” power cable lenovo thinkpad r50 battery, , the car battery would not be enough, with “Martial Law” will connect the two vehicles from other vehicles by electricity. But pay attention to other vehicles in use battery power, the battery cathode connected cathode, anode even negative, the borrower must first start the vehicle engine. Can also use the carts to start the method. But this is only applicable to手动挡models, and its precondition is the lack of battery power, is not entirely without electricity. Temporarily borrow in power, the car should be immediately rushed to the maintenance of confidence in their own point, it is best to get a professional factory rechargeable batteries, use the period of the battery does not necessarily need to be replaced new.

Detection techniques

The battery is dead may have traces

The battery is dead in general is the thinkpad r50 battery. Such as: First, the night journey, when the car linked to the neutral, or automatic car parking when the red light, the lights dimmed significantly, this means that battery life is drawing to a close. Because the gap is the engine idle speed operation, not enough electricity to provide lighting at night, when basically by battery-powered, when the end of battery life, it is not sufficient to provide adequate electric lighting, so lights will be dark down . Second, start the car’s brand momentum was clearly inadequate, when the brand than the previous speed. Third, access to the engine, if the speed of normal, although slightly dimmed lights, but there is still enough brightness on battery good, recharged more adequate; if the engine seems weak, and become very dark light on the battery over-discharge, shall immediately charge; such as when connected to the engine, lighting , and the engine off immediately, then discharge the battery has exceeded the limit or plate has been seriously sulfide.

However, ibm thinkpad r50 battery the owners have proposed, is suspected of “electricity” and saw the hole to observe the color of the battery is still green, this is the normal charge identification. pointed out that the battery can not be alone on the so-called observation hole to determine the color, because it is not accurate, it will mislead the owners, the best way is in the auto repair factory battery meter measurement.

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