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China’s power industry development and analysis

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Electronic power supply, including power and chemical physics, this article introduces the electronic power supply. E-Power is a utility power grid or to transform and control electrical energy to various electric power load of the power supply to provide quality equipment, and AC – AC conversion, DC-DC conversion, AC-DC conversion, DC-AC conversion. E-power scope to see how great is that different industry, this is not discussed in this article focuses on small and medium-sized power supply equipment. In order to facilitate the description, hereinafter referred to as power. Due to the extensive application of power products, power market statistics more difficult. Some foreign countries use the power device output power production projections. Sales in China’s power device products, as well as a considerable part of power imports from abroad, but also a lot of sales channels, so the domestic market, the statistical power is even more difficult, the information provided in this article is for reference only.

China’s power industry history

The size of China’s power industry can be divided into three stages of development, according to statistics of the original electronics industry data and information, you can sketch out the broad outline of the development.

The first stage is 1976, is China’s power industry in the early stages of development.

The liberation of the past, China’s power industry is basically a blank, only the battery, dry battery of small businesses. The 50’s with the construction of a large number of state-owned enterprises, with the electronics industry of raw materials, components and machine industries, power supply products from scratch. Plant in 1959 there are five specifications of a school production of more than 1600 Taiwan Power. To 1976, after 17 years of development, has grown to 26 plants, 34 species, 52 specifications, power more than 33,000 Taiwan. Production growth of 8.7 times, 10.4 times the growth of different specifications, 20.2-fold increase in production. The first stage from scratch, although the relatively high growth, power or small-scale industries.

The second stage is the 1977-1989 year, the Chinese power industry during the initial expansion.

This stage is the initial stage of China’s reform and opening up, step by step to speed up economic construction, power industry and gradually entered a period of rapid growth. Power production in 1989 has grown to 171, more than 340 kinds product specifications, annual output of more than 540,000 Taiwan power. The number of manufacturing enterprises increased 6.6 times in 1976, Variety 10-fold increase, 16.4 percent of output growth.

At this stage, step-by-step with the power industry developed rapidly, the majority of scientists and technicians of much-needed power to break the closed state of the original to understand the outside world. Since the mid-70s, power organizations of their own scientific and technological personnel and technological exchanges, in 1978 the country held its first exchange of power technology, was established in 1983 Power Institute of China, in 1986 received the approval of the State Science Commission.

The third stage is so far in 1990, is China’s largest power industry development.

This stage, with the exception of the original electronic systems industry, other industries and systems, such as machinery, post and telecommunications, railway, electric power, military power supply systems are the development and production, in particular, town and township enterprises and a large number of private enterprises, there are thousands of almost all over the country, there has been a group of over a hundred million yuan, or over 10 billion power company. In the past 10 years, and a large number of foreign products and domestic companies to enter and occupy a considerable share of market competition intensified. This part of the situation, followed by a detailed analysis.

Above the scale of China’s power industry development, supply technology can be broadly divided into the following phases.

50’s is the power of creation and imitation whole period, mainly the Soviet Union like the tube DC power, AC power and the magnetic saturation like the United States, like Europe to enlarge the electronic or magnetic AC regulated power supply, and the progressive realization of the domestic production. Power during this period the volume of large, multi-energy, low efficiency, the technological level equivalent to the international 30-50 age level.

With the thyristor, transistor technology and product development, tube DC power, AC power magnetic saturation is gradually phased out, thyristor power supply, power transistors, magnetic enlarge AC power supply has been the rapid development of power markets accounted for dominance. Such as the 1976 Taiwan produced more than 33,000 power supply, DC power tube, only two specifications of more than 800 units, respectively, accounted for DC power supply 4.1% of varieties, specifications of the 5.6% yield of 4%.

Full control power devices promote the emergence of great power technology development. GTO will enable megawatt-class inverters simplify power supply design can be used to replace the need to force the thyristor converter, the power is still widely used. The emergence of power MOSFET, constitute a high-frequency power electronics technology, switching frequency up to more than 100kHZ and parallel high current output. IGBT is a MOS input, the output of the composite bipolar type power device, the working frequency and GTR considerable, and its high-voltage fixed.

With the emergence of new power devices, pulse-width modulation (PWM) circuit, a wide range of zero-voltage zero-current transformation circuit topology has been widely used. Power products of more small-scale, integrated, intelligent, efficient and reliable .

China’s Power Industry Development

This section analysis of the past 10 years China’s power industry. Decades, both the power supply technology, the size or industry, have developed to an unprecedented stage, become a community’s concern about the industry.

First, the Chinese power industry the driving force

Power is the electricity power plant equipment is based on the electronics industry products. Economic construction and social development of all aspects of life will be to promote the development of power industry, in particular the following areas is an important role in promoting.

1, the development of information industry

China’s information industry over the past decade to three times the rate of other industries developed rapidly, “Ninth Five-Year Plan” period, China’s investment in the electronics industry over the past five years rose from 2.2% to 5.4%, with a total investment reached 429.3 billion yuan, than in the past five years, an increase of nearly 12 times the power has therefore become a powerful driving force for industrial development.

Mobile communications over the past few years become the hot spots, for example, ten years :1987-1997 development of 10 million, a year in 1998 on the development of 10 million, in 1999 the development of nearly 20 million, an increase of 100 %. Direct the development of the computer industry led the computer switching power supply and the development and application of UPS; the telecommunications industry led to the development of communication and related high-frequency switching power supplies power the development of communication only with high-frequency switching power supply for more than 3.0 billion annually, 1999, only matching the power of mobile communication on the 1.5 billion. In recent years the great development of various information networks, such as the Internet, communication networks, broadcasting networks, financial information network, and even the railways, civil aviation ticketing network has also developed, to be known as the Internet age. The normal operation of a variety of network, there must be a reliable power system for the protection. If at 11 o’clock on April 24 , 1997, Hong Kong’s largest banks HSBC and Hang Seng UPS equipment due to malfunction, leading to the central computer system halted, the two banks more than 800 automatic teller machines down for two hours, the two banks of telephone banking Services to be suspended, the two banks could not operate the computer counter. Network economic development, further promote the development of power markets.

2, the transformation of traditional industries

After more than 20 years of the national economy’s rapid development, many traditional industries to transform the system, replacement, a large number of advanced electronic technologies and equipment to be used, not only the quality of power supply a higher demand, but also the miniaturization of power products, intelligent, efficient and reliable, unattended and so on, supporting some of the old power products do not meet the requirements, and gradually be eliminated. For example: state investment in recent years, several hundred billion dollars to the transformation of power grids, some of the old power to operate the thyristor power supply to the new switches have been gradually replaced by power; full speed railway to electrification, the state also voted heavily for the transformation of the railway system, railway communications, signal systems to support a large number of power products; communications systems supporting the original phased power, gradually being replaced by high-frequency switching power supply, in recent years, the number of annual updates of several hundred million dollars.

3, energy

With the economic development and progress of science and technology, energy conservation, environmental protection has been valued by the community. Power is an important part of energy conservation, through power electronics and power technology to deal with after the supply of electricity, energy-saving effect. For example, household appliances standby loss, people often do not attach importance to, the power consumption is appalling. According to US statistics, such a loss in the United States 35-54 billion dollars a year, the German environmental protection agency in Germany, this loss of 2.3 billion US dollars each year, more than the sum of electricity throughout the year in Berlin. The introduction of a new energy-saving chips, you can put the 5-10W standby loss down to 1-2W, or even 0.1-0.5W. Is a small electronic ballast products, not only a lot of units in the Mainland of China research, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and even some foreign institutions in research, because of its broad range of applications, once a good product, you have a lot of energy effects and economic benefits. Frequency is widely used in recent years has developed very rapidly inverter air conditioner, inverter air conditioner can not only create a comfortable living environment, saving up to 30%. Saving electricity, reducing non-renewable primary energy (such as coal, oil) consumption, and reduction of air pollution. Miniaturization of power products can also save a lot of copper, iron and other raw materials. Therefore, the power electronics and power technology development is an important national symbol of technological progress. Some experts have predicted: the well-being will be the future of mankind through the energy of electronic technology to achieve a breakthrough.

Second, the size of China’s power industry

1, the extent of China’s power market

(1), switching power supply

Switching Power Supply is the largest applications in the communications industry, first of all, analysis of communication power.

The cause of the rapid development of communications over the past decade, communications power is also simultaneously increased. Domestic communication power in 1991 amounted to 080 million yuan investment by 1995 to 10 billion in 1998 to 30 billion, in 1999 the capacity of the National Communication Power Supply Market for more than 3.5 billion. From 1991 to 1999, growth in communications 43 times more power.

Domestic communication power of the main customer base are: China Telecom, Mobile, China Unicom, Radio, Film and Television, the network (including the electricity network, railway networks, military networks, net oil, etc.). After several years of program -controlled switch market has stabilized after the development of mobile communications has become a development hot spot. Mobile in 1999 about 2 million new users, the new mobile base stations about 20,000, matching the power of about 1.5 billion; fixed phased power transformation in 1998 , 1999,2000 in the peak year in 1999, the capacity of some 6 – 800 million yuan; new exchange network supporting transmission power of about 5-7 million; the rapid rise of China Unicom in 1999 added capacity of about 4 million new mobile base stations 4, 1000, matching the power of about 3-5 billion. Besides radio and television, as well as the newly established Network of Netcom also occupied the communication power of a certain share of the investment market. Is expected in 2000 with the communication power supply market is basically similar to 1999, mobile base station supporting the market will become the focus of power.

Throughout the switching power supply market in China how much? First of all, analysis of situation in the United States, the United States in 2001 is expected to AC-DC switching power supply 4.86 billion US dollars, DC-DC switching power supply 1.4 billion US dollars, a total of 6.26 billion US dollars, of which communications switching power supply a total of 2.198 billion US dollars, accounting for switching power supply 35% of the total. The application of China’s telecommunications switching power supply of 3.5 billion yuan more than the cause of China’s early stage of development communication, communication, power supply switching power supply in the proportion of the total may be larger than the United States, it is estimated that 50 percent according to the country over the total amount of switching power supply 7000000000 or more, which does not include a variety of electrical products and power electronic devices inside.

(2) uninterruptible power supply (UPS)

China’s UPS market is much, There are different theories. Ministry of Information Industry of Computer and Microelectronics Industry Development Research Center (CCID) and Statistics of the UPS market in 1999 was 1.68 billion yuan. According to China Electronics News reported in 1998, 1996, sales of UPS 41 million units, 26 billion yuan in 1997 sales of 620,000 units, sales of more than three billion yuan in 1998, sales of UPS about 90 million units, sales of approximately 3.5 billion. If the 1.68 billion yuan, the number is too small. UPS a lot of sales channels, there are only dozens of foreign brands may be incomplete statistics. If more than 3.5 billion, according to inadequate. It is estimated that 20-25 billion is possible.

According to CCID 1999 sales of 1.68 billion yuan UPS statistics, UPS market (sales) regional distribution is: 20.34% in North China, East China 24.25%, 18.05% in southern China, southwest of 11.96%, 10.02% in central China, 8.62 percent in Northeast, Northwest 6.76%; by sector are: 34.05% financial, telecommunications, 29.45 percent, 6.25 percent Government, Post and Telecommunications 5.82%, 4.28% family, tax 3.50%, education 2.36%, other 14.29%.

(3) Other Power Supply

Described above, only switching power supply and UPS, there are many types of power, such as variable frequency power supply, power supply electrolytic plating, welding power induction heating power supply, rechargeable power supply, neon power supply and lighting, aerospace and military power and so on. These supply a large variety of widely distributed, there is no accurate statistical data, analysis and forecasting can be.

To sum up, only the switching power supply and the UPS market size of about 100 billion yuan, together with other power supply, according to conservative estimates, the market size of e-power to have more than 15 billion yuan. Power industry is another big field of chemical physics power, 100 National larger battery manufacturers to statistics, about 10 billion yuan output value. According to China’s Power Industry Association of Chemical Physics, the national battery manufacturers around 2000, the National Power of Chemical Physics, about 15 billion yuan . Electronic power supply and chemical physics together, about 300 billion yuan annually, which is China’s power market.

2, the number of China’s power enterprises

The number of power companies in China? Everyone said do not know. Published last year, “Encyclopedia of Chinese power enterprises,” the national power production and sales record of more than 5,000 companies, it is difficult to say whether or not accurate. Power Institute of China in recent months built up a list of some companies, this directory include: members of the Institution of the Chinese power units, the last two years to participate in the exhibition of the power units, the most recent year published in the newspaper advertisements of the units are more accurate, there are more than 1,100, including electronic power production, sale and major parts. It is estimated that more than 1,100 enterprises that the National e-power ratio of the total number of enterprises less than 50%, meaning that the national production of electronic power supply and the main parts sales have more than 2000. Sponsored by the China Power Supply Society or editor-in-chief of “Power Technology” and “world power” two publications, and accessories for the whole power of the circulation enterprises are more than 3000. According to China’s Power Industry Association of Chemical Physics, the National Power of Chemical Physics, 2000 enterprises have around. If we say that China’s power enterprises, or more than 5,000 well-founded. China’s power enterprises are mainly distributed in three regions, first, the Pearl River Delta, primarily in Shenzhen, Dongguan, Guangzhou, Zhuhai, Foshan and other places. Second, the Yangtze River Delta, mainly in Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Hangzhou and Wenzhou area. Third, Beijing and surrounding areas. Wuhan, Xi’an, Chengdu and other places also have a certain distribution.

China’s battery market, new materials

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First, the global market status

Strong demand for battery materials, market growth year-on-year as the global economy on the fast-growing demand for an increase in energy materials, as well as mobile phones, notebook computers, digital cameras, video cameras, automobiles and other products on the new, highly efficient, environmentally-friendly materials, energy demand, global lithium batteries, solar batteries, fuel cells and promote the development of the rapid development of related materials industries. In lithium batteries, solar cells, fuel cell market, driven by strong growth in the global battery market, the steady growth of new materials. From the market size in 2000, the global battery market for new materials 1.38 billion U.S. dollars in 2004, reached 2.44 billion U.S. dollars, from 2000 to 2004 compound rate of 15.3%. Downstream to promote consumer electronics, batteries lithium-ion battery market has grown rapidly, despite the global sales volume has increased year by year, but the lithium battery market is slightly affected by the impact of price fluctuations in the market in 2004 reached 6.03 billion U.S. dollars; the rapid development of solar cells in 2004, the global market size reached 2.79 billion U.S. dollars; fuel cells because of high energy density, no need to charge a long time use, low noise, low pollution and so on, the development prospects of huge size of the market in 2004 reached 500 million U.S. dollars. Supply and demand effects of price changes, lithium battery material market, with some fluctuations in the lithium battery market growth, the lithium battery material market as a whole tended to rise. 2000 sales of 470 million U.S. dollars, but because of price fluctuations in 2001, fell to 390 million U.S. dollars, followed by an increase in 2004 reached 580 million U.S. dollars, from 2000 to 2004 CAGR of 5.4%. Materials in the lithium battery market segments, due to the decline in prices, resulting in lithium battery sales decline in part of materials. From the lithium battery material market share breakdown, the cathode material, cathode material, electrolyte, separator basic market share trends were stable. Clean, environmentally-friendly emphasis, the increased demand for solar cell materials silicon solar cells in series, single crystal silicon solar cell conversion efficiency of the highest, most mature technology. Monocrystalline silicon solar cell conversion efficiency is the highest in the large-scale applications and industrial production is still dominant. Important raw materials in the silicon solar cell market, the global market continue to maintain an upward trend in 2004, reached 1.64 billion U.S. dollars, from 2000 to 2004 compound rate of 18.6%.

Potential concern about the emerging new materials, fuel cell

Fuel cells because of high energy density, no need to charge a long time use, low noise, low pollution, etc., are of great importance at present, Brazil, Canada, China, Japan, South Korea, the United Kingdom and the United States and other countries signed InternationalPartnershipfortheHydrogenEcon-omy ( IPHE) the provisions of hydrogen to be the creation of formal international cooperation partners. From the market size in 2004, the global fuel cell materials market reached 220 million U.S. dollars.

Second, the development of China’s market status

Battery market, the rapid growth of new materials, the market structure to be improved

China’s fast-growing economy’s demand for energy has increased year by year to promote the lithium batteries, solar cells, fuel cell development, and related materials market driven growth. After 2001, domestic new material entering the field of battery manufacturers began to increase in the production of domestic manufacturers of new materials in the battery performance and price competitiveness gradually increased, and domestic battery manufacturers have begun using new materials of domestic battery at the same time, domestic manufacturers the beginning of the basis of the existing production capacity to expand production scale.

From the market size in 2004 will reach 2.77 billion, from 2000 to 2004 compound rate of 62.2%.

From the market structure, China’s battery market, new materials, mainly in lithium battery materials and material-based solar cells. Because of the large-scale application of fuel cells still need to be away for some time, and domestic manufacturers in the technology and production technology gap with international standards, domestic fuel cell materials, almost all rely on imports.

Lithium batteries relatively complete industrial chain, materials supporting occupied by a certain advantage

Materials in the lithium battery market, the rapid rise of Chinese manufacturers, CITIC UNITA solid profits, and Yuyao, SHANSHAN science and technology, companies such as Cathay Pacific Huarong in the cathode material, cathode material, electrolyte gradually enhance market competitiveness, and in isolated membrane market needs to catch up. Li-ion battery in the downstream market, the Shenzhen BYD, BAK Shenzhen, Shenzhen邦凯Technology, TCL and other payments to vendors in the global market for lithium batteries considerable market share, China’s lithium batteries have been formed relatively complete industrial chain in the Li-ion battery supporting material occupied by certain advantages.

The rapid development of solar cell market, increased demand for silicon material

In 2002, the relevant state ministries and commissions to start a “non-western provinces, autonomous regions, rural electric power plan”, by solar and small wind power to solve the seven western provinces, autonomous regions, rural electricity consumption of the problem. Start of this project a great boost to the solar power industry, has built a number of domestic solar cell packaging line so that the annual solar cell production is increasing rapidly.

At present, solar silicon production enterprises are mainly monocrystalline silicon plant in Luoyang, Hebei and Sichuan ningjin silicon base Emei Semiconductor Materials Factory and other manufacturers, including single crystal silicon base ningjin Hebei is the world’s largest monocrystalline silicon production base of solar energy, accounting for monocrystalline silicon solar energy world market share of around 25%.

Solar cell material in the downstream market, the current domestic production of solar cells are mainly enterprises Baoding Yingli New Energy, Suntech, Kaifeng Solar battery factory, Yunnan Semiconductor Device Factory, Qinhuangdao Huamei Photovoltaic Electronics, Zhejiang Sino-Italian solar energy, solar power, Ningbo, Beijing porcelain (Tianjin) Solar Energy and other companies, for a total annual production capacity of 120MW or more in the.

Unreasonable investment, fuel cell materials technology breakthroughs to be

The entire fuel cell industry chain is divided into three levels: upstream suppliers of raw materials and energy, the middle reaches of the fuel cell manufacturers, the lower reaches of the specific application of fuel cell manufacturers. At present, the state invested in the expensive fuel cell (the 863 electric cars special about 800 million total investment), but the main investments are in the fuel cell, for upstream and downstream suppliers and manufacturers to get into the less, making China’s fuel cell like a枣核industry, the middle two small, which will be detrimental to the industry.

Third, the development trend of battery materials

(A) the impact of factors 1, policies in support of alternative energy, the important items included in the battery material.

Li-ion battery materials, the Chinese “15″, “863″ will be the key material for lithium battery and the field of new materials as a major research project gave a strong impetus to lithium battery materials research and development. Fuel cells, in order to meet the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games, to achieve “Green Olympics” as well as the objectives of the World Expo 2010 Shanghai, Beijing and Shanghai to develop a series of laws and regulations, policies and measures to promote the application of fuel cell vehicles and the promotion of reduce vehicle emissions, protect the environment. Solar cell area, in October 2003, the National Development and Reform Commission, Ministry of Science and Technology to develop solar energy resources in the future 5-year Development Plan, National Development and Reform Commission “Bright Project” fund-raising 10 billion yuan will be used to promote the application of solar power technology, plans to 2005 solar power generation system, the country reached a total installed capacity of 300 MW.

2, the price advantage of the gradual manifestation of the growing space to broaden the international market.

Material in lithium batteries as an example, the application of lithium battery technology increasingly concentrated in high-end products, small size, large capacity, slow decay characteristic of lithium batteries has stimulated domestic production capacity of enterprises in technological development, promote China’s scientific research institutions and manufacturers to further improve the technology to improve quality and explore the international market for the foundation. South Korean mobile phone producer, the high-end cell phone lithium battery cathode material used in the original basic imported from Japan, the current lithium-ion battery materials in some manufacturers have begun to export to South Korea Li-ion battery cathode material.

3, the core material and manufacturing process needs improvement.

Li-ion battery materials, to enhance the capacity of anode materials; brand, price, functional additives and patent protection is the development of lithium battery electrolyte disorders; solar cell materials, deep-processing capacity of domestic manufacturers to be strengthened to improve efficiency, reduce costs and expand scale application of solar cells is the key; fuel cells need to develop standards, material quality, technology, efficiency to be improved and costs to be reduced.

(B) the trend of a product, lithium nickel cobalt oxide, nano-carbon materials, organic electrolyte and mixed with the thin film will be the isolation of lithium battery materials, the future direction of development.

Cathode material in lithium batteries, the choice of material lithium cobalt, nickel, lithium, and lithium manganese complex oxide, such as the above, the future of lithium nickel cobalt oxide is likely to replace the existing lithium cobalt oxide (LithiumCobaltOxide) of the cathode materials.

At present, commonly used cathode material is Mesocarbon microspheres with spherical structure, packing density, and has a layered structure with parallel elements, the representation of a lithium battery cathode material for possible future use of nano-carbon materials (Nano-sizedCarbonMaterial).

Electrolyte, the major trends in recent years is the nature of a number of different organic electrolyte to be mixed use, such as the ethane dimethyl (DimethoxyEthane; DME), dimethyl carbonate (DimethylCarbonate; DMC) and Second dimethyl sulfoxide (DimethylSul-foxido; DMSO) and so on.

Isolation membrane in general, the use of polyethylene, polypropylene or other resin porous membrane as a separation membrane, is thin of technology trends.

2, single crystal silicon and polysilicon is temporarily in the lead, thin-film solar cells into the mainstream of the future market.

Silicon solar cells as a result of photovoltaic energy conversion efficiency than other types of solar cells high, solar energy is still the mainstream market. Long-term use of amorphous silicon solar cells when the issue of stability; CdS / CdTe and amorphous silicon solar cell efficiency is almost, but the issue of environmental protection; the other CIS (CopperIndiumSelenide) economic efficiency is not high, short-term difficulties to commercialization, chemical energy battery life and stability of both the issue of duration. As a result of thin-film solar cells with the characteristics of low production costs, and has a large area suitable for the manufacture of the advantages, so the long term, thin-film solar cells may become the mainstream market.

3, porous structure of catalyst materials, high-activity, membrane thickness, strength upgrade.

Fuel cell electrode of the fuel oxidation reaction occurred with the reduction reaction of reducing the occurrence of electrochemical reaction sites, the quality of their performance lies in the performance of catalysts, electrode materials and electrode manufacturing. Fuel cell catalyst materials can enhance the porous structure of the actual fuel cell operating current density and reduce the polarization effect, increasing the surface area involved in the response of the electrode. Catalyst in DMFC as an example, at this stage is mainly the use of DMFC catalyst precious metal-based catalysts, and the cost of precious metal-based catalysts of high catalytic activity is not satisfactory, therefore, high efficiency, high activity and high dispersion material is a fuel cell catalyst development.

(C) price trends 1, lithium battery material manufacturers increasing competition caused by a slight decline in prices.

Although the price of lithium batteries at this stage due to the increase in the cost of cobalt and up to promote the next few years a shortage of cobalt will be to alleviate the situation; In addition, with the introduction of lithium manganese oxide cathode material for battery manufacturers mature technology, manufacturing process and the stabilization of the material properties, the average unit price will also show a downward trend. As cathode materials, electrolyte, isolation film lithium battery materials, the average price in 2003 showed a rise in the trend from 2005 to 2009 is expected to come on stream because of the increasing number of manufacturers, but also in technology and production process on mature, the average price of the battery materials will decline slightly.

2, technological progress, caused by expansion of solar panels and lower prices.

Although the cost of solar power panels is still high, but due to technical advances as well as traditional energy costs to upgrade, as well as the global solar cell industry in recent years the scale of production increases every year, the average price of solar panels there is a marked decline, over the next 10 years can be reduced by 1 / 2 or more.

3, the rising proportion of domestic production, fuel cell materials costs have fallen significantly.

China’s fuel-cell materials have not yet made large-scale, the key materials still rely on imports. To proton exchange membrane fuel cell as an example, control the prices of key components of the battery is a precious metal catalyst, ion-conductive membrane and bipolar plate. The vast majority of these materials depend on imports, not only in your price, and inconvenient to buy, a long time, the source is under control. In fact the above-mentioned materials can be made, the existing studies have shown that these key materials will enable the battery after domestic prices to current prices 1 / 5 of the following.

(D) the size of the forecast with the rapid development of China’s economy on the battery to increase the demand for new materials, as well as mobile phones, notebook computers, digital cameras, video cameras, automobiles and other products on the new, highly efficient, environmentally-friendly materials, the strong demand for batteries, CCID Consulting is expected to from 2005 to 2009, new battery materials market in China will be 37.0 percent compound growth rate of rapid growth, in 2005 the market size was 35.9 billion yuan, 12.63 billion yuan achieved in 2009. (See Figure 1)

Fourth, the market development strategy: actively engaged in the industrial chain integration

Battery of new materials not only by the upper reaches of the market fluctuations in raw material prices and supply changes, but also by the downstream effects of the battery market. Such as cobalt metal price fluctuations affect the cost of battery materials, and material impact on output and price, it is essential to integrate upstream and downstream cells.

CCID Consulting believes that the field of new materials for the battery industry chain integration has three major advantages: First, the industrial chain division of labor between the height of the deepening of the allocation of resources to effectively improve the efficiency and labor productivity; second is industrial clustering effect of reduced production costs, in favor of price competition; The third is to spread the risks, lower raw material prices and lower reaches of the upper reaches of the battery market demand fluctuations. In fact, UNITA CITIC solid profits, Jade Bird Huaguang, Yingli New Energy Resources Co., Ltd. and other companies have entered the lower reaches of the battery area, the formation of battery materials, battery combination of upstream and downstream production.

CCID Consulting suggested that the battery manufacturers should be strengthened and new materials upstream and downstream industry chain integration efforts by the industry chain integration of the main manufacturers, the League of upstream firms (materials, components, equipment), the middle reaches of manufacturers (battery manufacturers) and downstream customers (mobile phones, notebook computers, digital cameras, camcorders, electric bicycles, electric vehicles, such as manufacturers), the formation of material, battery production, the combination of upstream and downstream applications, improve efficiency, reduce costs and spread the risks.

Fifth, the proposed investment opportunities

At present, new materials involved in the battery business of listed companies CITIC Guoan (000,839),  (600,884), Jade Bird Huaguang (600,076) and the essence Veken (600,152), etc.; in the lower reaches of the battery market, new materials, there are (600,215), Aucma (600,336), Tianwei change security (600,550), Jade Bird Huaguang (600076), TCL (000100), Fenghua Hi-Tech (000636), Xianyang deflection (000,697), double Gordon (000835 ), Magicstor (000,920) and so on.

CCID Consulting’s involvement in the current domestic battery and battery new materials industry, listing companies in the statistical analysis, research shows that: the field of battery technology and new materials of high barriers to entry, high return on investment, lasted for a long time to become listed enterprises, especially source of profit for the company to expand and enhance the performance of one of the channels.

In view of this, given China’s CCID Consulting battery of new materials, investment opportunities in market segments recommendations:
(A) of the battery cathode, anode material, the electrolyte has a relatively mature market, while isolating film lithium batteries in China contains a larger process of market opportunities.
(B) solar cell R & D of new materials and applications should be focused on have different emphases, and organic materials will be the first choice for solar cell materials.
(C) fuel cell and new materials should actively research and development, aimed at the future of electric vehicles on the huge demand for fuel cells, efforts to achieve a catalyst, conductive membrane and bipolar plate materials such as large-scale domestic applications.

A dedicated digital camera, rechargeable lithium-ion battery authenticity Analysis

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Olympus recently noted in some areas of poor-quality counterfeit rechargeable lithium-ion batteries in the market there. Were counterfeit lithium-ion battery model LI-10B, the μ [mju:] 300 DIGITAL / μ [mju:] 400 DIGITAL / C-50 Zoom/C-5000 Zoom camera dedicated battery. According to a survey, the poor quality of these counterfeit lithium-ion batteries do not meet safety standards has seriously affected the normal use of digital cameras. Users such as the use of these low-grade lithium-ion batteries, the camera can not play the normal function, there may be overheating, battery leakage, such as the phenomenon of melting and burning. In serious cases may result in damage to the camera or on the human body, such as burns and other injuries. Recommend that users buy original Olympus batteries to ensure safety. Olympus solemnly declare that to the use of counterfeit and substandard products have any problems, accidents, damage, liability.

Olympus in the introduction to the vast number of users a number of ways to identify counterfeit batteries:

1. External packaging

     1. A result of counterfeit batteries can be very simple packaging approach open, and the way the original sealed packaging cell can only remove the battery from the back opening.

     2. Open Office counterfeit battery packaging Olympus logo will be removed, the upper transparent cover and the bottom openings are not printed cardboard such as the phenomenon of coincidence and dislocation, while the original battery is not a similar phenomenon.

     3. Counterfeit batteries for the transparency of the protective cover material, and the original battery is a white translucent material. Counterfeit batteries will be the company name to “OPTICAL” error write to “OPTICAK”.

     4. Original battery icons for use in part to “please check the camera’s Manual,” and the use of counterfeit batteries statement was, “Please check the camera’s Manual,” one less “according to” word.

二. Cell appearance

     1. Counterfeit batteries and the original text of the surface cells are slightly different from the surface of the text printed counterfeit batteries lighter, text fuzzy edge, the original battery deeper cited text, text, clear edge.

     2. Counterfeit batteries light color, the deeper the original battery.

     3. Counterfeit batteries junction of the side of the gap was more visible, the original batteries are not.

     4. Counterfeit batteries compared with the original battery electrode contact part of his more prominent part of the edge there. Fake plastic part of the battery level is not high or low.

     5. Counterfeit batteries uplift the plastic part of the electrode contacts.

Counterfeit battery electrode contacts the edge of dirty plastic.

Through the above points can help users identify the authenticity of the battery. Recommend that users buy original Olympus batteries to ensure safety.

Olympus once again solemnly declare that to the use of counterfeit and inferior goods of any problems arising from accidents, damage, liability. To thank the vast number of users has been strong support for the Olympus.

Hydrogen fuel cells may soon be published for the use of eight-hour

New Jersey is a small company to develop a hydrogen fuel cell, the battery may eventually provide laptop computers for eight hours work.

Held in San Francisco Intel Developer Forum, Millennium Cell Inc. to demonstrate the operation of a hydrogen fuel cell prototype IBM ThinkPad computer. At present, the vast majority of notebooks filled with the battery case may be 3-4 hours of work. To date, the working hours of the Millennium battery only three hours, but the development of the company’s goal is to raise the eight-hour battery performance. Many companies are looking to upgrade the working hours of laptop batteries, including some of Intel’s investment in start-ups. Toshiba, NEC and other major notebook computer manufacturers are developing methanol-based fuel cell technology. Casio, Sony and Samsung are also developing fuel cell technology. A seminar in Japan, the Canon released for video cameras and other equipment of the micro-hydrogen battery. Millennium Cell’s products are unique, it uses hydrogen and sodium boron oxide, at this stage, the Millennium battery looks a bit like a science project. Installed in IBM ThinkPad notebook computer fuel cell 6 mm thick, the battery mounted on the top of the notebook computer chassis, the battery will be the future in a notebook chassis design. Millennium Cell Vice President said that the work of the battery is the battery box with the liquid hydrogen fuel caused by a chemical reaction. Liquid hydrogen flow in the battery unit when mixed with oxygen. Oxygen through the shell on a string of laptop into the battery hole. Hydrogen and oxygen chemical reaction to produce electrical power. Water is a by-product of this process, but the battery in the evaporation of water. At present, practical hydrogen fuel cells, such as the possibility of at least two years. Millennium is working with some hope of using this technology for notebook computers contact the manufacturer. The company said the objectives of the Millennium battery manufacturers for PC production costs 25 U.S. dollars for the battery, consumer-oriented sales price of the additional battery is about 150 U.S. dollars, this is the second laptop battery standard price.

Tianjin amorphous silicon thin film solar cell market formation

Was included in the national high-tech industry development projects planned annual production capacity of 5MW amorphous silicon thin film solar cell production line, Nankai University, through relying on technology, the introduction of the United States EPV’s advanced single-room, high-capacity production facilities in Tianjin to the battery company built and put into production, and exports to the German market, further enhanced the green energy industry in Tianjin’s international competitiveness. Amorphous silicon thin film solar cell in its low manufacturing costs, energy recovery period is short, high power output, better than the past, silicon, selenium solar cells. The project construction area of 7000 square meters, has two solar panels and components production line can produce two-node cell product, currently the highest international production efficiency of production technology. It is put into production, China will have a high level, low-cost mass production of amorphous silicon thin film solar cell capacity of a small number of countries abroad to further break the monopoly of the product, at the same time energy saving, environmental protection, as well as residents without electricity to solve energy problems has obvious social benefits.

Power over Ethernet for power management silicon components

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Ethernet “refers to the use of a variety of standard IEEE802.3 LAN (LAN) system. Ethernet is the application of a workplace agreement, for example, by high-speed data cable to the desktop PC and connect the central file server. Data Terminal , wireless access points, network cameras and phones connected to the Ethernet ports of any of the equipment has to have its own power, which can be battery power can also be a separate AC outlet. and a more attractive idea is can at the same time, power and data to any connected to the Ethernet equipment. If the transmission is designed to make use of existing Ethernet cables, can be 100% backwards compatibility, it is better

This is included in the IEEE802.3af Power over Ethernet (PoE) standard can be done. The new standard in 2003, 6 menstrual IEEE approval for Ethernet transmit and receive signal power.

The advantages of PoE are:

● applications only need a set of wires, cables has become easier, lower cost.
● save AC adapter socket, and after the work environment more safe, clean, cost be reduced accordingly.
● Applications can be easily moved from one another.
● When the AC main line power failure, an uninterruptible power supply to ensure that the application of electricity required.
● remote monitoring and control can be connected to the Ethernet equipment.

Power over Ethernet which has allowed rapid progress as a new technology, which fundamentally changed the type of equipment, low-power power supply. There are more power-driven equipment through Ethernet. Today, there are two main types of PoE power devices become a leading force in sales growth, they are: wireless LAN access points and VoIP phones. The former compound growth rate of 38%, and in 2007 reached 15 million (Source: iSuppli), and support enterprise-class network which in 2007 is expected to be reached three million. Of power in turn drives the demand requirements of the existing Ethernet switch can support PoE. This can be shown in the “middle style” program to achieve. Is expected by 2007, the number of such equipment will grow to 800 million, growth rate of 68%.

In this case, the original Ethernet switch through the “middle style” Power-over-Ethernet hub to twisted-pair LAN cable into the power, the realization of PoE. Ethernet switch will be combined with the new “half-way” approach for the adoption of high-speed data cable to connect the power device (PD) power. Of these electrical equipment can be a network of cameras, VoIP phones, wireless LAN access points and other equipment. Uninterruptible power supply (UPS) to the main power supply to provide backup electrical power.

Power management devices used in Ethernet switches and Power over Ethernet “-style half-way” hub conversion voltage and current, as well as electrical equipment in the DC-DC converters.

Ethernet switch in the power management device

Up-to-date through the Ethernet switch 24 or 48 independent ports provide PoE for the electrical equipment connected to the following non-PoE-compatible system. Each device has its own power 48V power supply, each of PD up to 15.4W, respectively, by the Ethernet switch management.

IEEE802.3af PoE standard allows the maximum power consumption of equipment in the 13W or so – taking into account the long-distance transmission cables have a certain degree of power loss, Ethernet switch to provide power 15.4W. End-use electrical equipment when the 48V power supply voltage range 36 ~ 57V, the voltage reaches the maximum allowed twice about switching voltage (such as peak signal switches, etc.), require the use of a power switch for 100V rated VDS discrete MOSFET.

PoE controller generally refers to “hot swap” controller. The function of this type of IC are:

● Separation of independent control of the four PoE ports.
● Detection of electrical equipment and effective connections.
● Monitoring of the MOSFET under steady-state current (through the low-ohm resistor sensor).
● PD when connected to the port on the influx of current and thermal control MOSFET.
● When the PD disconnect, a low-current disconnect function.

In common mode, once the power supply port, PD port by-pass capacitor voltage power supply, external MOSFET power scattered is very small. This shows that a small MOSFET will be able to meet this need. However, IEEE802.3af there are a number of other needs, such as the surge current is turned on and electrical equipment are not compatible with the issue of ports, which need a lot of energy in the instantaneous spread of the MOSFET. That is why the use of discrete MOSFET integrated solutions rather than the causes.

Ethernet switch MOSFET also called for the closure of the leakage when the volume is lower. Asking for a port IEEE802.3af absolute maximum amount of leakage can not exceed 12 basis, this figure including the MOSFET and other circuit protection of the leakage path of leakage current. Philips Semiconductors of the MOSFET design to meet this requirement.

Battery has become the key mobile office applications

At present, the mobile office concept has already become a reality. In order to meet the needs of mobile and mainstream manufacturers are introducing more powerful, more stable system of ultra-thin notebook PCs, and notebooks accounted for 10% of the overall price -15% of the battery performance, but also more and more manufacturers concern.

In fact, the value of the battery often underestimated, and even a lot of people in the time to buy laptop battery had simply ignored the problem completely. However, from the perspective of mobile office, but in the practical application of the battery often play an extremely important role. According to the relevant person in charge of NEC, at present, a common ultra-thin notebook battery time between 2-3 hours, a good brand can be achieved for about four hours. NEC S820 will be able to provide electricity five hours time, and the S820 weighs only 1.36Kg, the fuselage is only 16.6 millimeters thick. At the same time, with a backup battery, S820’s life will be a staggering 11.8 hours.

Looking at the market most of ultra-thin notebook computers, cell expansion have not been able to achieve “full portable,” and after loading so that the lower part of the formation of convex body, that affects the body and reduces the appearance of the portable , and for users This is a fly in the ointment. NEC was the first to put forward a “no protruding objects” Smoothing the concept of battery design, the S820 is designed to extend the battery very thin flat-shaped, S820 Ultra Low Voltage CPU, the motherboard to use a large number of high-quality low-power components , as well as through high-quality CPU power management features with the control, reduce unnecessary power consumption, so as to achieve a minimum energy. Smoothing these unique battery design that is available once the evaluation was very high, is considered the appearance of laptop battery “revolutionary” design.

There analysis of the industry, with the ever-increasing Internet bandwidth and the increasing popularity of wireless networks, mobile notebook PC will become the most widely used, which includes not only people existing “mobile office” concept, entertainment, communications, and other day-to-day non-business mobile applications will also be popular, as the energy source of laptop battery is bound to become the top priority. Experts predict that in the near future, there will be more vendors to join the main energy-saving technologies and notebook battery R & D ranks, with new material made of small size, high-capacity, long time, a high end portable battery products laptop battery will become the main trend of the application.

Fuel cell vehicles 4 years after the start, the recent launch first hybrid vehicle

In 2003, China’s energy consumption level has been flat and Japan, will surpass Japan this year, after the United States to become the second largest energy consumption power. China’s oil consumption in total energy consumption accounted for about 25%, which accounted for gasoline consumption in the car around 70%. According to projections, by 2020 China will have a car full of vehicle ownership is the amount of 5 times the energy consumption can only sustain the current 2-fold, research alternative energy sources is urgent car.

As a large city, how to develop the city’s environmental protection and energy saving cars have become a major issue. According to the officers revealed that the city will soon launch a hybrid car, is expected to launch long-term light-fuel vehicles. 2008-2010, the city of light fuel vehicles is expected to start.

At present, the city of CNG (compressed natural gas), about 150 buses are being used, LPG (liquefied petroleum gas) are more than 10,000 taxi cars. According to a three-year environmental protection plan, the city of CNG buses in future will be about 3000. — 863 research projects and go beyond the fuel cell vehicle on the 2nd through the Ministry of Science and Technology in a recent inspection, which will also further developed a variety of models, is expected to extend the study to the next five-year plan.

According to international forecasts, from 2010 to 2015, the world will be a major fuel cell vehicle production, vehicle production will be a new revolution. China’s fuel cell vehicles is expected in 2008 Olympics and the World Expo 2010 will take place during the model run.

Microbial fuel cell

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Since the industrial revolution, has been plagued sewage treatment in developed and developing countries a major problem, because it expensive, is only of inputs, not outputs of the industry. And new microbial fuel cell can not only purify the water, but also for power generation, the emergence of its sewage treatment is expected to become a profitable industry. Although still in the continuous improvement of the product has not yet put into commercial production, but we have every reason to believe it has broad prospects for development.

Recently, by the United States Pennsylvania State University scientists, led by Logan, a research and development team announced that they have developed a new type of microbial fuel cell can be of untreated sewage into clean water and power.

Microbial fuel cell (MicrobiologicalFuelCells) there is not just a technology. As early as 1910, the British botanist Mark – the first bit of bacteria found in the culture medium to produce current, therefore, he made use of platinum electrodes, put it into E. coli and general yeast culture medium, the successful production of a the world’s first microbial fuel cell; in 1984, the United States to create a space for use in microbial fuel cell, which fuel for the astronauts of the urine and live bacteria, but it’s a very low discharge rate; In recent years, the use of Microbial generation of technology breakthroughs have emerged more, Pennsylvania State University environmental engineering professor Bruce – Logan is a new microbial fuel cell development team, he said, “the traditional is the use of hydrogen fuel cell power generation, but no one try to use organic-rich water to generate electricity. ”

A major innovation: a single slot design

Logan designed the battery and hydrogen fuel cell device to be somewhat similar, is a sealed cylindrical glass tank of resin, looks like a soda bottle. And hydrogen fuel cells, however different, the microbial fuel cell is a single reaction tank, containing eight graphite anode rod, and they stick around a cathode, confined to the middle slot between proton exchange membrane. Confined to the external tank of the closed circuit composed of copper, used for electronic flow path. When water was injected into reaction tank, the bacterial enzyme to break down organic matter in sewage, in the process of releasing electrons and protons. Among them, the electronic flow of the anode, and protons through the proton exchange membrane inside the flow of anode, where oxygen and air as well as the electronic generation of clean water combined. Thus completion of the sewage disposal. At the same time, the reaction bed is the electronic exchange between the cathode produced a voltage, so that the equipment can supply to the external circuit.

Reaction is a single slot design of microbial fuel cell innovation. Logan pointed out that most of the design of fuel cell response to the two groove-oriented – are the anode and cathode slot slot, slot in the anode in order to maintain anaerobic microbial growth; cathode tank should be maintained at aerobic conditions, electronic and oxygen combine with protons to form water molecules. And a single reaction tank in order to proton exchange membrane to link the two slot, and its function not only in aqueous solution can be divided into two slots, but also to avoid spread to another tank of oxygen. Electrobath trough of the two, other than the force required to provide dissolved oxygen to the cathode, and a single tank of fuel cell micro-organisms can be the way to continuous injection of air into the cathode, thereby reducing the cost of oxygen equipment.

Samples will be completed six months after

In generating capacity, according to Logan said, in the laboratory, the device can generate 72 kilowatts of current, you can drive a small fan. Although the current generated by small, but the equipment is much room for improvement. Invention from the report submitted to the present, Logan’s R & D team has the fuel cell power generation capacity to 350 watts, but Logan would like this value to achieve the ultimate 500-1000 watts. Such as maturity of the technology can be mass-produced microbial fuel cell power generation capacity will be greatly improved, and Logan believes that it can generate 500 kilowatts of the stability of current, about 300 family’s electricity consumption. Logan plans to build a large-scale microbial fuel cell sample, is expected to be completed six months later.

Application prospects

Although the device’s energy output is relatively low, but Logan said they are continually improving the technology, I believe that it can be used in small-scale sewage treatment factory. It is said that the device can also be used to deal with livestock waste water and waste plants, but also can be used in food-processing plants and even manned space inside.

Logan pointed out that as long as it is a place rich in organic matter can be the use of such batteries. However, the microbial fuel cell is the best use of sewage treatment, sewage treatment plant if the use of such equipment, so they can waste water treatment side of the side of power generation, and thus greatly reduce the cost of sewage treatment. Wastewater treatment plant to maintain the normal operation is a very high cost of things. Both developing countries and industrialized countries, wastewater treatment at the same time, the new generation fuel cell technology is very attractive. According to statistics of the U.S. National Development Committee, the United States need to address each of the 33 billion gallons of domestic sewage, the treatment cost about 25 billion U.S. dollars. Most of the cost of almost all spent on the maintenance of treatment plant operation of the energy required, so that if the microbial fuel cell can reduce costs and improve efficiency of electricity generation will be a huge savings for the wastewater treatment expenses.

For the majority of serious pollution of the developing countries, this technology is particularly useful because it can not only purify the water quality, disposal of refuse, while the power generated. Separate from the power this context, the Government has sufficient reason to retain the building and a sewage treatment plant. If the technology can promote the commercialization, waste or sewage treatment will be the country’s money-spinner rather than a heavy burden.

David – University of Toronto is a scientist, he estimated the energy potential in wastewater is 10 times the cost of processing. Logan believes that as long as they can use the potential power of 1 / 20, a sewage treatment plant can be resolved on the cost of sewage treatment.

Microbial fuel cell can also be used to deal with food-processing plants and farms, especially pig farms in the wastewater, in the past, to deal with these unpleasant stench of sewage expensive. NASA also is developing a similar technology, manned space flight in astronauts living in the garbage into energy.

New type of fuel cell materials have emerged

With the world’s fuel cell technology continues to develop, a new type of fuel cell materials continue to emerge, the world’s many well-known companies have also added to the fuel cell component of the study.

DuPont to develop and provide advanced materials for fuel cell components, including Nafion perfluorocarbon membrane and engineering polymers, used in proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells. In 1980 the company began producing Nafion membrane, the current production capacity of 200,000 square meters. Nafion membrane electrolyzer placed as cathode barrier material, the use of hydrogen in the anode and cathode of the oxygen, after the completion of Nafion membrane electrochemical reaction, resulting in the release of ion-exchange effect of the electronics, electronic circuits to form an external current. Reaction process, the hydrogen ions through the Nafion membrane and oxygen ions into the water. DuPont’s Nafion membrane, and engineering materials have been applied to space flight. Now, more than 50% of the PEM fuel cell component materials provided by the DuPont Company.

Celanese Corporation and Honda Motor Company of Japan, to develop automotive fuel cell polymer membrane and the membrane electrode assembly (MEA). MEA by the solid polymer membrane and the catalytic electrode composition. Celanese Corporation successfully developed Polybenzimidazole high-temperature polymer membrane for MEA, its operating temperature can be as high as 180 ℃, and the traditional work of the fluorine resin film temperature of 100 ℃.

Ballard with Victrex company develops and manufactures PEM fuel cell using sulfonated polyether ketone polymer chain containing plasma, high-performance film is expected to reach production capacity of 50 tons / year, may be used to manufacture 100,000 membrane for automotive fuel cell use . Stanford Research Institute also developed for direct methanol fuel (DMFC) using polymer membrane for portable facilities. Motorola also with the Los Angeles National Laboratory to develop portable electronic facilities for DMFC membrane.

At present, the cost of fuel cell catalyst for the equivalent of 10 years ago 1 / 20, so as to fuel cells competitive with existing energy foundation. It is predicted that the end of this century, fuel cell industry is expected to reach sales of catalyst emissions from vehicles sales catalyst.

Used batteries to deal with difficulties

Last year, Nanjing 2000 barrels to collect used batteries from the tertiary institutions in Nanjing, organs such as office areas and residential areas to the recovery of 33 tons of used batteries. However, on the recycling of used batteries has always been a problem.

Before the State Environmental Protection Administration and other departments jointly issued the battery waste pollution prevention and control technology policy, which identifies the focus of the recovery of used batteries is discarded rechargeable batteries and button batteries. In this regard, the Office of Municipal Waste Segregation in the collection of day-to-day work, they noted that many of these batteries is not only a very small part. At the same time, according to the survey, the country has reached a low mercury or mercury-free disposable battery waste a lot of the same or contain harmful substances. Many members of the public consciousness has not yet used batteries should be put in categories.

Random in the vicinity of Shanxi two district asked 56 people, the elderly generally not distinguish whether the battery is rechargeable, and there are several people that he rarely used rechargeable batteries. Some of them that ordinary people have not thrown with the life of the battery separately, if also at what rechargeable batteries, and even more trouble.

Separate collection of municipal refuse staff office told reporters that battery recycling technology in the country is a difficult problem and even the whole world, every year a lot of enthusiasm to the public and university students used batteries to do research in this area, but there are still no good solution, the collection of used batteries to the main door to the vicinity of Nanjing a warehouse, from environmental protection departments to focus on, mainly landfill. The reason is that a machine used batteries to deal with the need to import from abroad, and the high cost of a large throughput, can handle every day for several tons of batteries, used batteries, Nanjing local enough that it simply “eat” a few days from around the brought to focus on cities, which also involves a lot of problems. Cost of this approach is still used batteries so that now the only solution to the old landfill.

Office staff said that at present, only the work to be done to further promote the collection barrels will be used batteries in the garbage as far as possible from the spin-off, to reduce environmental pollution, this year, Nanjing, they will conduct a study of six urban areas, in accordance with the demand for and then placed a number of barrels to collect used batteries, raise awareness of environmental protection.

Sanyo rechargeable batteries has been in the market has a good reputation. Not only its own brand of rechargeable batteries (currently mainly Haier to launch the way) sold a great many large manufacturers have used the Sanyo foundry sold their own brand of rechargeable batteries. For example, Sony’s own-brand sales of nickel-metal hydride rechargeable batteries, in fact, is Sanyo’s foundry. And Fuji digital camera with the nickel-metal hydride rechargeable batteries, Sanyo is also OEM products.

However, what the name sounds, a fake then it came. Currently on the market in fake and counterfeit rechargeable battery Sanyo Sanyo OEM other brand rechargeable batteries filled with the supermarkets. One in particular, Sony’s batteries, the largest counterfeit goods. Even have a large number of counterfeit Sony battery you are unable to distinguish them and truly differentiated products.

Take a look at the following three batteries, you can very positive which is false to say it?

Widely recognized by the network to distinguish Sanyo series (including foundry products) battery is as follows:

1, genuine Sanyo rechargeable batteries are a very special area of modeling smooth, round in the square, with a round Fangzhong.

2, genuine Sanyo rechargeable batteries have a cathode surrounded by four symmetrical shape the rules of small holes, and heat-shrinkable film cathode Department smaller parcels, cardboard Cathode paste patch smooth, non-distorted, foaming phenomenon.

3, genuine Sanyo rechargeable batteries have a clear negative small print “HR” Seal and shrink-film wrapped smaller scope.

These are the more common way to distinguish. But now the counterfeit batteries, has produced more realistic. The above three have been unable to discern the.

Take a look at the following comparison of three batteries:

Are the radius of the cathode shape

Cathode surrounded by four symmetrical holes have

Anode have the small print “HR” Seal

Although the conditions are met, but they are not a genuine Sony battery Sanyo foundry. Realistic look at the extent of this fraud, you can rest assured to buy it?

Maybe this big tree is called wind. Sanyo is also OEM rechargeable battery, but only the existence of a large number of Sony counterfeit fakes. Why? Just because Sony sell expensive! Like all OEM products, Sony’s a 2300mAh rechargeable battery expensive than other brands on the dozen dollars or even doubled.

Do not ask me why Sony should You so much, and God knows how Sony is thinking. The face of the present almost everywhere have fake Sony battery situation, I can only advise you: Do not buy Sony!

What does that buy? In fact, since Sanyo and Haier cooperation, in the domestic sales of rechargeable batteries on all to do the Haier. As long as we look for the signs with Haier Sanyo rechargeable batteries, they will not买到假货. I recommend the following which the Sanyo 2500mAh rechargeable batteries. Except to continue to check the above three points, there is little to look for:

The battery side of outsourcing has clear shrink film 6 Seal batch number. Before the four figures represent the production date, the latter two for the letters or numbers / letters combination.

At present, such a genuine Sanyo 2500mAh battery are generally allowed to 20 yuan / section to buy. This is the Sanyo introduced the largest-capacity Ni-MH AA rechargeable batteries. As a result of great sales, but also reasonable prices, coupled with continued strong crackdown Haier measures, Zhongguancun many digital stores are in sales. At present, Sanyo has not re-launch of OEM products such 2500mAh capacity, rather than to buy those who have been unable to identify the authenticity of counterfeit brands, such as do not buy Sanyo’s own brand.

In addition, domestic such as super, etc. PISEN own brand of rechargeable batteries also have a very good quality and more favorable prices. We also recommend that the digital players more choices of domestic brands, reducing the possibility.

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1, the power of the basic work?

Answer: by running the high-frequency switching technology to communicate with higher input voltage (AC) is converted to PC computers at work need a lower DC voltage (DC).

2, the power flow is the work like?

A: When the city electricity into the power supply after the first pass through choke coil and capacitor filter to remove high frequency noise and interference signal, then received high-voltage rectifier and DC filter. Then through the switch circuit to DC to DC high frequency pulse, sending high-frequency switching step-down transformer. Communicate and then filter out high-frequency part, so that the final output for computer use is relatively low-pressure pure DC.

3, EMI circuit’s primary role is what?

Answer: EMI circuit is filtered by the power grid into a variety of interference signals, to prevent the power switch circuit formed by channeling high-frequency power grid disturbance. EMI is an important element of CCC certification.

4, What is a high-voltage rectifier filter circuit?

A: The high-voltage rectifier filter circuit by a rectifier bridge and two high-voltage capacitors comprising solution. Role is to communicate the city of 220V power into 300V DC.

5, high-voltage capacitor general solutions are there?

A: The high-voltage capacitor Solutions we usually say a large capacitance, in general there are two, because of its voltage value is particularly high, so very large volume. According to capacity points, high-voltage capacitor general solution has 330uf, 470uf, 680uf, 820uf, 1000uf, 1200uf and so on, voltage value is generally 200V, temperature 85 degrees.

6, switching circuit work?

A: The principle of switching circuits by the switch control and PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) control chip oscillator circuit constituted to produce high-frequency pulse. High-voltage rectifier filter circuit will be generated by high-voltage direct current into high frequency pulse DC, to the main transformer step-down, into a low-frequency pulsed DC.

7, low-voltage rectifier filter circuit work?

A: After pulsed DC diode rectifier, and then by the electrolytic capacitor filter, so that the output voltage is different from the current stable. Because here is already so low voltage, so even though a large capacitance, usually have 1000uf, 2200uf, etc., but does not require a high voltage value, so the size of a small capacitance.

8, auxiliary circuit has what role?

A: 300V DC auxiliary power supply through the switch to become pulse current through the auxiliary power transformer output voltage of the two groups communicate, all the way by rectifier, three-terminal voltage regulator voltage regulator, output +5 VSB, added to the motherboard as a standby voltage; another via rectifier filter, Auxiliary 20V output power supply PWM chip work and so on. With the auxiliary circuit, computer software can be achieved boot, turn off the computer.

9 What is PFC?

A: PFC (Power Factor Correction) that the “power factor correction,” Characterization of electronic products is mainly used for energy use efficiency. The higher the power factor on the higher energy use efficiency. CCC certification through the computer power supply, must increase the PFC circuit. Position in the second layer filtering, the full-bridge rectifier circuit before. PFC has two types of passive PFC (also known as passive PFC), a is an active PFC (also called Active PFC).

10, Active PFC What are the characteristics?

A: Active PFC input voltage from 90V to 270V; power factor higher than 0.99, and has low loss and high reliability, etc.; can be used as auxiliary power, and no longer need auxiliary power transformers; output DC voltage ripple is very small, Therefore the use of active PFC power supply does not require the use of large-capacity filter capacitors.

11, passive PFC What are the characteristics?

A: passive PFC inductor compensation method generally used by making the exchange of fundamental input current and voltage phase difference between the reduced to improve power factor, passive PFC power factor is not very high, only 0.7 ~ 0.8, and heat is relatively large.

12, power shutdown feature of the software boot realize what the?

A: The power of software boot shutdown function is through the PW-OK circuit realization. PW-OK standby to host the output power level of zero self-test signal, the host to stop working on standby. After controlled, PW-OK in the switching power supply output voltage stability of a few hundred milliseconds after the delay from 0-level jump from +5 V, to host high output signal. The signal is equivalent to AT Power Supply PG signal. Host detected PW-OK after the power good signal to start the system. Running on the host city and in the event power brown-out or shuts down, PW-OK output signal than the ATX switching power supply +5 V output voltage ahead of the disappearance of hundreds of milliseconds, informing the host system in the power supply off the trigger before the automatic shut down to prevent a sudden drop too late when the hard disk heads to move the landing zone and scratch hard disk.

13, what is conducted interference?

A: conduction interference is used to measure the electronic products in the operation of the entire power network to send electronic jamming signal the size of a concept. All the electronic products in the electricity grid would be issued when the interference signal, if the interference signal is too large, then it will affect the quality of the entire electricity grid, thereby interfering with the normal operation of other electrical appliances. Therefore, most countries of the electronic products have a conduction disturbance indicators mandatory, to prohibit excessive conduction disturbance Product production, sale.

14, power supply testing which has more important projects?

A: There are cross-load, surge, input voltage, ripple noise, output short circuit, over power, conversion efficiency, power factor, response time, timing, noise, radiation conductivity, leakage current, high and low temperature test.

15, What is Inrush Current?

A: The surge current refers to the power to connect instantly, and flows into the power equipment of peak current. Input filter capacitor as a result of the rapid charging, so the peak current is much larger than steady-state input current. Should limit the AC power switch, rectifier, fuse, EMI filter pieces can withstand the surge level. Repeated loop switch, AC input voltage should not damage the power or lead to blown fuses.

16, what is the conversion efficiency?

A: Because the power in their work, some loss of energy converted into heat and lost. Therefore, the power supply must be to minimize heat loss. Conversion efficiency is the output power divided by the percentage of input power. Version 1.3 under full load power requirements for the minimum conversion efficiency of 70%. Version 2.0 is to recommend to improve conversion efficiency by 80%.

17, power factor and conversion efficiency What is the difference?

A: Although the power factor and power conversion efficiency of the utilization of all means, but the difference is great. Simply put, the power factor is the loss arising from the burden of the electricity sector, while the conversion efficiency of the loss is the user’s own burden. Can see, power factor, EMI are the protection of the national grid.

18, what is the rated power?

A: The rated power is the power supply in a stable, continuous working under maximum load, rated power on behalf of a real load power capacity, for example, a power supply rated power is 300W, the meaning is 24 hours a day, every year 365 days of continuous work, and of all the load should not exceed 300W. But, in fact, have a certain amount of redundant power supply, for example, rated power 300W power supply, the 310W can also stabilize the normal time, but try not to use more than rated power, otherwise, could lead to power supply or other computer components because of over-current and burned .

19, what is the over-power protection?

A: Apart from the rated power, there is a figure called the “overload”, in English called “OPP”. Overload refers to the power of the load continued to rise, reach a certain point, the power supply will automatically power off in order to avoid over-current damage to the power or the computer’s other parts. OPP value is usually 1.3 times the rated power around, and some manufacturers OPP located too high, in fact unsafe. Rated power and the OPP in between, there will be a range, for example, the new cold-drill rated power 300W, OPP for the 370W, then ,300-370W is the region between a “blind spot.” If in this interval the length of stay (General can continue to tens of seconds time), is likely to lead to power supply or the computer’s other parts to burn.

20, temperature-controlled power supply work?

A: The temperature control circuit is mainly achieved through the thermistor. When the power began to work, the fan power supply voltage of 7V, when the power supply inside the temperature increases, thermistor resistance decreases, a gradual increase in voltage, fan speed also increased. This will maintain the case temperature to maintain a relatively low level. In very light load cases, mute the effect can be achieved. During heavy load, to ensure heat dissipation.

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Believe that everyone has had this experience forward to the exciting drama, the sudden blackout of the. Even if further action quickly, such as the reason you find the time to start afresh, the most moving section is over. Of course, if prepared at home, a battery, it can be calmly read this paragraph again and see whether it is a problem with fuses or a temporary power outage Power Supply Bureau.

Thanks to Thomas Alva Edison, but for him in May 28, 1902 announced the invention of a lead-acid battery than the previous light weight but a longer service life of the new nickel-iron batteries, our modern industrial development might be lags several decades. Of course, this process is not easy, even the genius of Edison, but also spent 10 years of time, cost three million yuan investment, the number of experiments as high as 50,000 times. In his words, so many results of the experiment, at least, so that “we already know should not have tens of thousands of materials used to make batteries.”

In 1860, the French the invention of lead-acid batteries, and its principle is the use of lead and sulfuric acid produced by chemical reactions to solve the current generator suddenly unable to work when the power supply problem. However, such lead-acid batteries due to built-sulfuric acid, in handling very prone to hazards; and time is too short supply, known as the short-lived batteries. Aware of the problem of Edison began to try to use different materials react chemically generate electricity, hoping to solve this problem. He quickly realized that the problem is in the sulfate on. Decided to replace the alkaline solution with sulfuric acid, and to find a suitable metal to replace the lead. After three years of experimentation, Edison finally found a relatively stable properties of metal – nickel and iron. The summer of 1902, Edison batteries assembled with the new six electric vehicles, ready to do a battery-powered test. The test 500 0 itinerary miles on one charge, can go 100 miles. Edison for the pilot to do a description of the thriller, he said: “At every turn, I think that should be overturned.” He also dropped to the fourth floor of the battery from the battery to test the extent of the firm. Of course, the final proof of this is extremely negative iron, nickel oxide is extremely electrolytes potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide for the aqueous solution structure of the battery is indeed strong, durable.

Sulfuric acid electrolyte compared to make lead-acid batteries, the new battery electrolyte (30% of concentrated potassium hydroxide solution) the density in the charge and discharge the same. Nickel-iron batteries alone in the electromotive force when fully charged 1.3V, the actual energy density of 10 ~ 20 Watt / h / kg, in the discharge of electricity will continue to reduce. Therefore, it should not make a potential difference of the work of power, but it can offer high-current, in the case of not charging will not damage the preservation. Rechargeable lead-acid batteries at the beginning when they have air bubbles, while the lead-acid batteries only have a bubble when fully charged. The new batteries can serve as a start, traction power reserve of power, is widely used in cars, trams, telephones, signals and the laboratory and so on. However, Edison’s stringent product must not tolerate him any omissions. In 1904 the success of the battery can be used to test and put into the market, he soon discovered that this new type of battery has the problem of leakage, so the market all the products recalled, re-improvement technique. Nickel-iron batteries really wait until the large-scale use again, it is already 4 years later in 1909.

As his son, Charles Edison, as described in the battery invented this 10 years, Edison has never slept eight hours. Perhaps it was this kind of hard research, will enable us to enjoy today, he left more than 2000 inventions.

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Coal, petroleum, natural gas, is the current of human life in the main source of energy. With the development of human society and living standards improve, the need for increasing energy consumption. But these gifts of nature’s energy through the tens of millions of years of material changes in the earth’s crust gradually accumulated, the number of benefit but is after all limited. Therefore, people will eventually face the energy crisis of the day.

Of course, one could obtain energy from many aspects. Such as solar energy is an enormous energy. In addition, like geothermal, hydro, fissile nuclei can emit a lot of heat. Pilot studies have shown that the use of microbial power generation, to show people a bright future.

There are many types of batteries, fuel cells is the family of an up and comer. General cell is cathode, anode, electrolyte three parts, fuel cell is like this: let the fuel in the anode of a chemical reaction, the loss of electrons; allow oxidant in the cathode of a reaction, the wire running from the anode through over electronic. With the ordinary battery, this time where there is current through the wire.

Fuel cell can use hydrogen, hydrazine, methanol, formaldehyde, methane, ethane, such as for fuel to oxygen, air, hydrogen peroxide as the oxidant. Now we can make use of microbial life activities of the so-called “electrode active material” as a fuel battery, and then through the fuel cell is similar to the methods to convert chemical energy into electrical energy, becoming microbial cell.

Microbial cells as the electrode active material, mainly hydrogen, formic acid, ammonia and so on. For example, many people have been found to hydrogen-producing bacteria, which are of heterotrophic bacteria can have more than 30 kinds, they can ferment sugars, alcohols, organic acids and other organic matter, absorption of which chemical energy to meet their own lives and Events needs, while the other part of the energy in the form of hydrogen released. With this hydrogen as fuel, you can create a hydrogen-based batteries to microorganisms.

In confined spacecraft, the astronauts from the urine how to do? NASA devised a clever program: use of micro-organisms Bacillus to deal with urine to produce ammonia to ammonia for the electrode active material, has been micro-organisms on the battery, so not only deal with the urine, but also by the energy. General conditions in the aerospace, from 22 grams per person per day in urine, they will receive the 47 kilowatts of electricity. The same token, also allows micro-organisms from wastewater organics were made nutrients and energy, to produce the fuel needed for the battery.

Although the microbial cell is still in the pilot study stage, but it indicates that the near future, mankind will provide more energy.

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